Social Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Capital - Essay Example Parents have been known to use their wealth to gain social capital for their children over the years through various ways such as donating large amounts of funds to the school that their children attend among others. The question remains however whether this is right or wrong and should be acceptable within the society. The answer to this can be derived from looking at the pros and cons of this subject. There are a number of arguments that can be used to defend this act. One of them is the fact that by attaining this social capital for their children, the parents are ensuring a better future for them as they are guaranteed help with the trials they may face in the future (Putnam, 2006). Ensuring a better future for one’s offspring can be considered to be the right of every parent and is expected off them. Another pro is that the social capital gained by these children technically does not hurt anyone although it may give them an advantage over others in certain situations, it is not against the law to cultivate relationships that will be beneficial to an individual (McNamee & Miller, 2009). As there are two sides to every coin, there are also cons in assisting one’s child in gaining social capital. The main con can be considered to be the fact that by doing this, the child will not learn essential values such as the importance of independence and the virtue of hard work as they will not have to struggle for the things that they want (Doob, 2013). This can be considered to be a sort of negative education on the part of the parent as it does not help in building up a child’s character. Another con is found in the fact that by teaching a child that what they want can be achieved by money, they risk instilling a devious/delinquent attitude within the child as they are aware that the social capital gained will get them out of trouble (Brown & Iyengar, 2008). For example, a child

Does the General Sales Tax Impact the Personal Consumption Expenditure Research Paper

Does the General Sales Tax Impact the Personal Consumption Expenditure - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to study the relationship between sales tax and individual consumer expenditure and saving. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1.0. Introduction 1Sales tax is part of consumption tax, tax on imposed on spending on goods or services in various states. Sales tax is usually imposed to buyers during the purchasing of goods or services. The sellers are the one who collect the tax. Tax rates vary from one state to another. In United States, the sales tax has been increasing drastically since 1997 and this has led to rise of prices of both services and commodities. The people who are affected indirectly by sales tax are the buyers. Their expenses rise per month forcing them to draw narrow budgets. This is the same in the whole world and the economies of many nations are going down. What it exported or imported is also highly taxed. Sales tax is different from value added tax because it is only imposed once at the retail level. Different states in United States have diffe rent tax rates. There are some jurisdictions in these states that determine the tax rates to be imposed on various goods and services. Goods for manufacture or resale are usually exempted from sales tax. Some other jurisdictions also exempt sales tax on foods sold in grocery shops, agricultural supplies and prescription medications. Sales tax greatly affects the spending of consumers, changes their consumption behavior and marketplace at the household level. 2.0. Literature Review There are many researches that have been done to show how the increase in sales tax affects personal consumption expenditure. Most of the results got from these researches have showed negative impacts on personal consumption expenditure. As Kevin 2001 puts it, this has been the case in the 2United States of America and the rest of the world. In a case study conducted in California in 2007, it was revealed that the best sales tax rate was 7.25%. This was a rapid increase from 6.6% in 2004 while in 1990s it was less than five percent. Most of this was taxed because of transport expenditures that were incurred during transportation of the goods or services. The estimation for the next year after 2007 was 7.75% tax rate and this was observed to be the trend to be followed unless the economy in the whole world is restructured since the people in California must rely on imported and exported goods and services. In this case study, the main objective shall be to show the effects of increased sales tax on the well-being of people in California. The methods that shall be used shall help to come up with resourceful data that shall be analyzed in depth. From the analysis, it shall be clear on the real effects that are caused by increased sales tax. Increase in tax rate has been there in California just as it is with other states in America. Some of the effects may be positive; however, many of them are negative. To the unemployed the situation is worse thus, there must be proposals to look into the issue deeper before it goes beyond recognition. From another research done in the same state to identify the much that is used for consumption by individual persons, according to Kanbur and Spence, it was found out that 65% of the spending per individual was on consumption. It was not, however, constant as it varied with genders and age. There were many reasons that were given for the high spending in consumption and the main one was increased sales ta

Marketing Strategies For Hopsitality And Tourism Industry

Marketing Strategies For Hopsitality And Tourism Industry The hospitality and tourism industry is one of the worlds prevalent industries and also the most fragmented with large number of small business. The contribution of hospitality and tourism industry to GDP can be measured in the terms of the revenue generated by tourists (Bardgett 2000). The industry promotes international understanding and gives support to local handicrafts and cultural activities. It is a very important section of a nations economy, particularly in terms of its involvement in the direction of earnings through foreign exchange, production of extra wages and creation of job opportunities. The high flood of foreign tourist traffic has increased demand for certain economic production and distribution activities. The hospitality and tourism industry in todays date is one of the most diverse, exciting, challenging and important industries in any part of the world. It offers career opportunities that are dynamic in nature. A very essential quality in this industry is to possess a driving interest towards ones customer service and a strong sense of professionalism. And not just that what one also needs to know is that, what tourism is, keeping in mind the economic, environmental, social and cultural impacts on it. One needs to know its relationship with other industries, the roles and responsibilities that the organization carries as a whole and as well as of individual staffs. 1.1 Marketing of tourism and hospitality industry Marketing is a delicate combination of art and science (Mahoney, 2005). It is described by Kotle as a management procedure accountable for recognizing, expecting and pleasing client necessities gainfully. An enormous variety of misconceptions are rampant about marketing, the most widespread is its misunderstanding next to selling and advertising. If one looks closely these are nothing more, but types of endorsement or promotion and hence being only a part of marketing. Marketing includes of much more, such as product/service development, place, pricing etc. It requires information about those attracted in what you are offering, such as their likes, where they buy and their limits of expenditure. 1.2 SWOT/ TOWS Analysis Another important aspect that follows strategic formulation is the evaluation of the adopted measures and one of the best ways to do so is by using both SWOT followed by the TOWS analysis. TOWS Analysis is a modified form of SWOT which is used as a standard business analytical tool. The alphabets in both TOWS and SWOT are representation of the words Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The analysis of the external environment (threats and opportunities), and internal environment (weaknesses and strengths),can help one realise beneficial techniques that can be made use of by the entire organization, a department or a team. Apart from this, SWOT/TOWS analysis can also be used to come up with a course of action, a marketing campaign, or even evaluate ones skills and experiences. (Warnell, 1995) Identifying Strategic Options: As mentioned earlier SWOT or TOWS analysis helps to draw a better judgement of the strategic choices that are present and since strategy is the art of determining how one can win in business; it is a very important step in the evaluation of any organization or industry. This process of evaluation helps us find answers to questions that further help us explore our strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strategic Discussion Through the use of marketing strategy an organization can concentrate its limited resources in the best manner possible so as to increase the profits and be at an advantage as compared to the other organizations. The main goal behind every marketing strategy should be customer satisfaction. The selected marketing strategies are dependent on a variety of components, such as quality, innovation, brand building, marketing expansion, focus, product development, social responsibility, etc. On similar grounds if we talk about Ryanair we can very well see that how the airline completely stands out as a special business from the point of view of the corporate culture it follows. Despite of being an airline it earns through the sale of complimentary products and services that it offers it customers on and off the plane. The company is well liked by its customers for its low cost and admired by its employees for the high salary it gives them. So hence alongside pleasing its customers which is very essential for any business it is also focusing on keeping its staff happy, content and loyal which is an equally important strategy very well thought of. Apart from that the airline makes use of secondary airports rather than primary ones which in turn helps in reducing the expenditure costs leading to higher benefit or profit margins. And hence it can be seen that the chosen organization is doing very well as far as selection and implementation of its marketing strategies is concerned. This comment can be substantiated by the results of PEST analysis and SWOT/TOWS analysis. PEST analysis of Ryanair SWOT /TOWS ANALYSIS FOR RYAN AIR Strengths Weaknesses Low airport charges High service performance A uniform fleet: low maintenance cost Poor customer service Long distance between airports and destinations. Poor relationship with staffs Opportunities Threats Credit crunch: People switch to low cost airlines More countries joining Schengen States Depreciation of US dollars: planes are now cheaper Customers are price sensitive Increase in oil prices Other airlines are reducing costs Increase in air traffic control charges Growth of other substitutes TOWS MATRIX (Weihrich 1982) Internal Elements Organisational strengths Organisational weaknesses Strategic options Strategic options External Elements Environmental opportunities (and risks) SO S2 + O2 Routes expansion S3 + O3 Order new planes WO W3 + O1 Jobs security for staffs Environmental threats ST S1 + T1 Continue to cut fares S2 + T3, T5 Increase frequency of popular routes WT W1, W3 + T3 Focus on staff training W2 + T5 Reduce cost of airport transfers From both of the above shown methods of evaluations it can be seen that credit crunch which generally considered as a big threat is grabbed as a seemingly big opportunity by Ryanair, for it attracts its customers by the focus it keeps on the reduced cost price. And this as can be seen is used by Ryanair as a mean to earn profit. The SWOT table above gives us a brief yet a very indepth summary of not just the internal but also the external analysis of the airlines with highlights of the firms strengths and weaknesses so as opportunities and threats. Based on SWOT, a number of strategic options can be suggested to Ryanair in the form of a TOWS matrix, such as route expansion, ordering new planes and hence increasing frequency of popular routes, focusing on the staff training, which in turn will act towards attracting more customers, offering its staff job security, it can go on further in reducing its prices(which has so far really worked wonder for the airlines). Hence through our evaluations we can see that no doubt Ryanair seems to be doing wondrous work as far as marketing strategies are concerned but there are still a lot many more ways in which it can increase the overall turnover even more, such is the wonder of using apt and multiple marketing strategies. 3.0 Implementation of a strategy using tactics The concept of the marketing is based on the premise that the firms should determine consumer wants and needs before designing products and services. Hospitality and tourism industry brings together the latest developments in the global operations using contemporary management principles (Borden, 2001). 3.1 Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy, ought to be viewed as a cover up of support planned to be a magnet as well as provide the customer or visitor (Naik, 2003). There are various types of strategies that come into play such as competitive strategy, market and resource based strategy, quality and innovation, growth strategies. It is now necessary that one of these have to be used at a time but generally combinations of these are used to achieve optimum results. 3.1.1 External Mix It consists of the 7Ps as well as the external environment. The marketing mix can be controlled by the firm whereas the external environment cannot be. Every industry tries to develop marketing strategies utilizing marketing mix that will establish sustainable competitive advantages leading to long term growth and profitability (Brian, 2003; Zeithaml, Bitner, Gremler, 2003). Product: The product of the marketing mix includes the tangible goods and all of the services that accompany that good to produce the final service or product. More than products it is the various services that make the industry stand ahead of others. Talking about Ryanair, it is doing seemingly well as far as the product aspect is concerned, for its air service and hospitality are no doubt loved by the customers due to the low cost price and well trained and well paid staff. Price: price is the value placed on the service or a product. The tourism and hospitality sector should establish their pricing based on the companies objectives and the target market. One cannot have high fee structures for low-fare airlines. Secondly it is very important to base the prices on the complete cost of production, delivering, promoting as well as managing the services provided. Price doesnt comprise of only the tangible benefits but also the intangible benefits like satisfaction. Ryanair seems to be doing really well as far as the price of its service is concerned for its customer no doubt love the airlines for it low air fare prices. Place: This aspect of the strategy includes the distribution and logistics of producing a product or service and making it available to the final customer. The location of the hotels, restaurants, etc is determined by considering the cost of the resources such as labor, raw material and real estate. In addition it is important to have access to proper transportation. So therefore the first and the most important element to be considered is the location of the hotel or the restaurant. Places away from the central city must be avoided as they would not attract tourists who would want to explore the main city/ town area. The place aspect here could not be incorporated as this is an airline that we are talking about, but still we can for sure bring to light the cost expenditure that the airline is saving by the use of secondary airports rather than the use of the main or primary ones. Promotion: It provides customers with precise and apt information to assist them decide whether to visit. It represents the various aspects of marketing communication, that is, the communication the information about the product with the goal to generate a positive customer response. The information provided by the company should be of significance and sensible use to the likely or existing guest and also precise because only satisfied customer would want to come again and use the same services. People: This is the fifth P of the marketing mix. It is essential that one should have a good, educated and friendly employees. For an organization to have a winning edge over others it is very essential that it recruits the right staff and trains them appropriately for the delivery of the services. Based on the interactions with employs the consumers make opinions and deliver perceptions of the service that was provided to them. Hence it is of utmost importance that the staff should have apt interpersonal skills, attitude, and service knowledge to provide the best service to the consumers who are paying for it. Thus it makes it imperative to have a highly qualified staff to add that extra special touch to the services so that customers who comes once, comes always. This, the airline has no doubt very skillfully taken care of by training it staff very well apart from paying it well too. Process: It constitutes of the schemes used to aid the organization in the process of service deliverance. Timely and excellent quality services are not the only ingredient but the process behind the making of these services is also of importance. Both hospitality and tourism industry have behind the scenes services like kitchens, water boilers, air handling units, maintenance departments, etc. This should be ensured that a customer never come to know about the smooth or ruff running of the process. Same and equivalent services should be provided at all times. These the airline could think of improving on as far as the benefits and services offered by the airlines to its consumers both on and off the flight. Physical Evidence: this again is a component which gives the consumers the opportunity to make judgments about the organization. This no doubt is an essential component of the service mix as based on the sight of the service that is being provided a perceptual impact is made on the consumers about the organization and the service being provided. The organizations that claim to be energy efficient should show it to their customer the process they followed to make their building and services environment friendly. When a customer knows the process behind the delivered service they feel more at ease. For example: if a hotel does vermin-composting to make all biodegradable waste into manure, they should take the guest and children on a eco-walk and show them the pit. This will not only make a good name for the organization but also teach people how to conserve environment (Borden, 2001). This as has been mentioned before too a number of times the airlines has focused on very well by its low cost air tickets and its well trained and well paid staff, skilled staff. 3.2 Interactive Marketing Technology has necessarily altered how companies and their customers communicate, not just online but across other medium (Novak Hoffman, 1997). Consequently interactive thinking needs to be at the heart of all marketing strategy and interactive channels at the heart of all marketing delivery. A company that has developed an easy to use web site with content and appropriate services to its audience is only part-way to achieving successful Internet marketing outcomes (Agrawal, Arjona Lemmens, 2001) This concept focuses on the ever changing trends in the field of marketing . The definition that had been given by John Deighton at Harvard, talks about interactive marketing being an ability which facilitates the organization in having one on one interaction with its customers on a continuous basis. The concept is in no way synonymous with the concept of online marketing, although there is debate that internet technology facilitates the process of interactive marketing to a great extent. The organization can with ease keep a record of all the data related to its customers, can have access to its numerous clients and consumers at the click of a mouse and can interact with them on a day to day continuous basis using the speed of the internet. 3.2.1 Objectives for Interactive Marketing Communications An interactive marketing communications plan usually has three main goals: (1) Use online and offline connections to steer or draw guests passage to a web site. This method is commonly referred to as traffic building. (2) To use on-site communications to bring an effectual point to the guest which helps form customer behaviour or achieve a required marketing outcome. The message delivered on site will be based on traditional marketing communications objectives for a companys products or services. (3) To mix all communications methods to assist attain marketing objectives by supporting mixed-mode buying. (Novak Hoffman, 1997). Ryanair has made use of this strategy by making available to its customers the facility of online booking system, which is not only of convenience to its customers but also greatly reduces the extra cost price as compared to telephone booking. Though it could still go beyond online booking and explore much more options such as customer feedback, special offers, blog site etc on its website by making use of this strategy. 4.0 Conclusion Customer satisfaction in hospitality and tourism industry is very much prejudiced by the way in which the service is delivered. It is a very important fraction of hospitality and tourism management and can be done successfully and well, with classiness and skill, if one keeps in mind the important essentials of marketing. ,This the airline seems to have taken care of in the most skilled manner possible by making use of the various above mentioned strategies. Apart from that what also is important is the evaluation of the marketing efforts. A framework for evaluation could help in shaping which essentials are most important to evaluate. It is hardly ever probable or cost efficient to assess all elements. After this it is very important to compare results with ones objectives and to in the end determine the needed changes in the strategic plan. This in a great way contributes towards improving the efficiency of the strategies that are being used by recognizing the present dissimilarities between real outcomes and anticipated performance. All this in turn will surely help determine the most probable and expected causes for the triumph or crash to achieve the set goals and objectives.

Essay --

Reo Matsuda Ms.Green Communications 8-2 2 December 2013 Was Hitler actually a bad person? The Holocaust was a massacre of over 10 million people, including 6 million Jews in the 1900’s. The Holocaust was for torturing and killing the Jews, because of the hatred toward them. The guy who led the Nazis and killed all the Jews was Hitler. Hitler was very intelligent but he used his knowledge in a bad way. I think if Hitler were to use his knowledge in another way the world would’ve been a better place. The holocaust has hurt many and even has killed many, but it has ended. The long-lasting war has ended and people has been released from the torture. People got left with fear and was traumatized. After the war has ended how did the people live? How did people live during the Holocaust? What actually happened during the Holocaust? Well, I will now explain it all. After World War I has ended, in 1918, Germany was far in debt. Many German fleets have been destroyed and transportation system have been wrecked, making it hard for people to get food. In the winter of 1918 many people died of starvation, the government was in turmoil, people lost jobs. Many bad things had happened to Germany. Nazis organized a party in 1919, and merged with Political Workers Circle. Nazis back then were called â€Å"National Socialist German Workers Party†. In 1919 Adolf Hitler joined the party and the party got even powerful. The party defined German people as â€Å"Only those of German blood, whatever their creed, may be members of the nation. Accordingly no Jews may be a member of the nation.† Jews were the first of many targeted groups by Adolf Hitler, and the hatred kept rising from 1919 to 1923. There were a group of people called Aryans who Hitler classifie... .... They lived through and some still live, even to this day. They live bold, strong, and wise despite what has happened to them. This may have been something that couldn’t have been stopped, or maybe it was just another thing that could’ve been changed if someone made a different choice. Perhaps this was the right choice, maybe we were the ones who was misunderstanding them. Maybe this was something that needed to happen, maybe Hitler had a reason to do this. We will never know, since he isn’t here anymore. All we can do right now is to live today, and to keep living for tomorrow. Worksited Heroes of the Holocaust - Ted Gottfried Tell Them we Remember - Susan D. Bacharach http://www.hitlerschildren.com/article/1286-how-did-people-escape-the-holocaust - viewed 10-9-13 http://www.hitlerschildren.com/article/1278-about-adolph-hitler#.UlWa_1yHeSo - viewed 10-9-13

Family Problems

Many Family conditions are seen as factors that increase the likelihood of poverty. Regarding risk factors, Tom Luster and Harriett McAdoo of Michigan State University summed up the findings of 17 eminent researchers in the field in 1994 by noting: â€Å"Over the past 15 years, research on diverse samples of children has shown that children who are exposed to several risk factors simultaneously tend to experience learning or behavioral problems. â€Å"a Poor families are more likely to have multiple risk factors. Jean Brooks-Gunn of Teachers College at Columbia University and her colleagues estimated that in 1995, only 2 percent of poor families had no risk factors, while 35 percent experienced six or more. By contrast, among families that were not poor, 19 percent experienced no risk factors and 5 percent experienced six or more risk factors. b Many of these risks are measures of conditions linked to broken families. The instrument used most widely in social science research to assess risk factors is the â€Å"HOME† measurement, used in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The factors in the HOME scale below can be shown to be associated with the presence or absence of marriage and with Family structure, as noted within the parentheses. References cited in the footnotes for each factor are studies that illustrate the correlation between the risk and Family structure. The HOME assessment factors are: * Low birth weight (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Low neonatal health index score (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Unemployment of the household head (least likely in a two-parent Family). * Mother has less than a high school education (less likely if parents are married). e * Mother has a verbal comprehension score below the 25th percentile (associated strongly with educational level, which is linked extensively to her parent's Family structure). f * High maternal depression score (less likely if married). g * More than three stressful life events (less likely if married). h * Teenagers at time of child's birth (most unlikely to marry). f * Low social support network (less likely if married and have married parents). i * Father absent at time of interview. Child-to-adult ratio is greater than 2:1 (50 percent less likely if married, since marriage doubles the number of adults). * Simplistic categorical view of child development. * Of ethnic minorityb (two married parents are less likely in African-American and Hispanic households). j Rather than being immutable conditions, many of these risk factors are the result of individual choices, particularly regarding marriage. Restoring marriage among the poor would create home environments that are more likely to reduce these factors significantly. But this will require a coordinated effort by the public, private, and parochial sectors of society. aTom Luster and Harriette Pipes McAdoo, â€Å"Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children,† Child Development, Vol. 65, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 1080-1094. bJean Brooks-Gunn, Pamel Kato Klevbanov, and Fron-ruey Liaw, â€Å"Learning, Physical and Emotional Environment of the Home in the Context of poverty: The Infant Health and Development Program,† Children& Youth Services Review, Vol. 17, (1995), pp. 251-276. Family Problems Many Family conditions are seen as factors that increase the likelihood of poverty. Regarding risk factors, Tom Luster and Harriett McAdoo of Michigan State University summed up the findings of 17 eminent researchers in the field in 1994 by noting: â€Å"Over the past 15 years, research on diverse samples of children has shown that children who are exposed to several risk factors simultaneously tend to experience learning or behavioral problems. â€Å"a Poor families are more likely to have multiple risk factors. Jean Brooks-Gunn of Teachers College at Columbia University and her colleagues estimated that in 1995, only 2 percent of poor families had no risk factors, while 35 percent experienced six or more. By contrast, among families that were not poor, 19 percent experienced no risk factors and 5 percent experienced six or more risk factors. b Many of these risks are measures of conditions linked to broken families. The instrument used most widely in social science research to assess risk factors is the â€Å"HOME† measurement, used in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The factors in the HOME scale below can be shown to be associated with the presence or absence of marriage and with Family structure, as noted within the parentheses. References cited in the footnotes for each factor are studies that illustrate the correlation between the risk and Family structure. The HOME assessment factors are: * Low birth weight (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Low neonatal health index score (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Unemployment of the household head (least likely in a two-parent Family). * Mother has less than a high school education (less likely if parents are married). e * Mother has a verbal comprehension score below the 25th percentile (associated strongly with educational level, which is linked extensively to her parent's Family structure). f * High maternal depression score (less likely if married). g * More than three stressful life events (less likely if married). h * Teenagers at time of child's birth (most unlikely to marry). f * Low social support network (less likely if married and have married parents). i * Father absent at time of interview. Child-to-adult ratio is greater than 2:1 (50 percent less likely if married, since marriage doubles the number of adults). * Simplistic categorical view of child development. * Of ethnic minorityb (two married parents are less likely in African-American and Hispanic households). j Rather than being immutable conditions, many of these risk factors are the result of individual choices, particularly regarding marriage. Restoring marriage among the poor would create home environments that are more likely to reduce these factors significantly. But this will require a coordinated effort by the public, private, and parochial sectors of society. aTom Luster and Harriette Pipes McAdoo, â€Å"Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children,† Child Development, Vol. 65, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 1080-1094. bJean Brooks-Gunn, Pamel Kato Klevbanov, and Fron-ruey Liaw, â€Å"Learning, Physical and Emotional Environment of the Home in the Context of poverty: The Infant Health and Development Program,† Children& Youth Services Review, Vol. 17, (1995), pp. 251-276.

The Rubber Processing Industry in Ghana

Chapter ONE1.0 Introduction1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYNatural gum elastic is an elastomer ( an elastic hydrocarbon polymer ) that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some workss. ( Wiley,2002 ) . Wiley farther provinces that natural gum elastic is used extensively in many applications andproducts, as is man-made gum elastic. Recent research has found that the economic impact of the industrial processing of gum elastic had at the clip of find is, besides an industry that provides occupations and returns on nest eggs, and besides contributed a batch to economic development ( Oluwalana et al 2007 ) . Ghana has non merely achieved sustainable growing and important poorness decrease in the recent old ages, province and establishment edifice has made rapid advancement in the same period. Ghana has become a stable democratic province as demonstrated in a peaceable passage of power in two back-to-back free and just elections in 2000 and 2008. Administration indexs have been steadily bettering over the past old ages and in 2007, Ghana ranked in front of regional norms of Asia, Latin America and Africa in most of import administration indexs, including authorities effectivity, regulative quality and control of corruptness ( Kaufmann et al. 2008 ) . The state is ranked among the top 10 African states in footings of freedom of the imperativeness and academic freedom ( Freedom House, 2008 ) . Industrial development has been recognized as one of the surest agencies of guaranting higher and sustained growing rates. Hence African states including Ghana pursued import permutation industrialization in the sixtiess and 1970s. The principle was to travel African economic systems from its agricultural province to modern industrialised economic systems as has been the instance of the East and south-east Asiatic economic systems. Consequently, policies to advance import permutation industrialization were pursued and this led to the constitution of light ind ustries to bring forth goods locally and run behind duty barriers. Like many African states, Ghana’s industrial scheme was meant to cut down economic dependance ; hence, fabricating industries were established to bring forth points that were antecedently imported. Ghana became a success narrative in Africa in the recent old ages. The growing and poorness decrease scheme volume 2 provinces that, after more than 20 old ages of steady economic growing and important poorness decrease, Ghana is taking to go a in-between income state in following 10 old ages. Result of transmutation in many Asiatic states is frequently characterized by a declined portion of agribusiness in GDP and progressively of import function of fabrication in taking growing in the transmutation procedure ( GPRS,2009 ) . Industrialization has enjoyed important good will and virtues of history as the impeling force in the planetary economic sciences of national development. Technology underlines industrializatio n and the appropriate blend of the two provides the technology substructure for growing and development. Ghana has made important efforts at industrialization, particularly in the immediate post-independence epoch through definite programs. The nucleus scheme of the GPRS is to prosecute industrial development through the private sector as the footing of wealth creative activity, growing and poorness decrease ( GPRS, 2009 ) .1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTGhana’s economic system has displayed less transmutation than might be expected for a state that has late achieved middle-income position harmonizing to National Development Planning Commission ( NDPC, 2010 ) . The function that transmutation dramas in the class of development is good understood by both development economic experts and policymakers in the underdeveloped universe. NDPC ( 2010 ) argues further that, transmutation which is a procedure in which labour moves from traditional activities in agribusiness and other primary sect ors to modern industry and besides a procedure in which population moves to urban Numberss, making chances for the development of industrial activities and improved public assistance. In Ghana, a important per centum of the working population is employed by the informal sector, The Ministry of Trade and industry ( MTI ) ( 2000 ) cited that, little houses can more propel growing in the economic system than big one time due to their figure and niches they occupy in the national economic system. In the rural economic development, little graduated table industries and endeavors play a cardinal function in bring forthing income for running of households and financing most activities in the rural countries of the state ( MTI, 2002 ) . With this great impact and part to the economic development of the state, these little graduated table industries are weighed down with a batch of jobs ( Ankomah, 2012 ) . Ankomah in his research further stated that, most of these industries barely grow in t he rural economic system to go medium and big graduated table. They still faces challenges such as hapless working status, low engineering, low substructure installations, unequal web, hapless distribution system, low quality merchandise and hapless regulative systems ( MTI, 2002 ) . They face difficult competition from big graduated table industries in the formal sector in marketing their merchandise. Ghana’s Medium Term Development Policy Framework provinces in NDPC ( 2010 ) that, the midterm development program in Ghana is to â€Å"lay the foundation for the structural transmutation of the economic system within the decennary stoping 2020, through industrialisation, particularly fabricating, based on modernised agribusiness, industries and sustainable development of Ghana’s natural resources, peculiarly minerals, oil and gas† ( NDPC 2010 ) . It is against this background that the research seeks to supply adaptable agencies to advance the gum elastic industry for economic development through architectural inventions and progress substructure installations.1.3 AimThe research objectives seek to ; 1. Measure the gum elastic processing industry in Ghana and place the design considerations in puting up a modern gum elastic processing industry in Apemanyim. 2. Propose a gum elastic processing industry in the territory capital to act upon the socio-economic development and to make employment in the territory capital.1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe undermentioned research inquiries were used to accomplish the aims of the survey. These include ;What is the current province of the gum elastic industry?What architectural design intercessions can be disposed of in response to the demands of the gum elastic industry in Ghana?1.5 ScopeThe range of this research is geared towards the processing of natural gum elastic, and how the industry can be advanced in production engineering and substructure to farther procedure the gum elastic into concluding merchandises and besides to act upon the socio-economic development in the territory capital. It besides focuses on the design principles to setup a reputable gum elastic processing industry. This survey will look out for the needed infinites, machines or equipment and criterions for the constitution of a g um elastic processing industry. A item certification and analysis for locating a gum elastic mill will besides be amalgamated into this thesis as an experimental or presentation undertaking being a foreshadow of how executable the country’s programs of work outing her economic jobs will be best addressed.1.6 JustificationThere is an addition in the government’s attempt to accomplish economic growing and poorness decrease in rural and urban countries. Harmonizing to Ghana statistical service ( GSS ) , ( 2000 ) , In their life criterion study, it indicate that approximately 69 % of the Ghanese population is employed in the micro and little endeavor sector with a important figure of them located in the rural countries. The Ministry of trade and industry ( MTI ) ( 2002 ) cited in the ( ADTF ) diary that, the authorities of Ghana has policies for micro and little endeavor. The end of this policy is to make a contributing environment to turn and ease the development of a vib rant, productive and competitory micro and little endeavors sector in the state. The authorities seeks to advance dynamic enterprise civilization for invention, promote employment growing within the informal sector and develop micro and little endeavor to function as a agency to set up linkages between the formal and informal sectors of the economic system. Besides the policy province to better the engineering based merchandise quality and productiveness of the micro and little endeavor sector and upgrade the application of autochthonal engineerings. Rubber processing is concentrated at Apemanyim as a consequence of the presence of natural stuffs. The GREL processing works is the chief industry into the processing of natural gum elastic in the territory capital. An interview conducted at GREL identified that, 120 people are employed with a production capacity of five metric tons per hr. With deficiency of substructure development and engineering, this gum elastic industry is unable to farther procedure the gum elastic into finish goods therefore its inability to make more employment for the young person and more over to contend the urban market with their merchandise. The part of GREL in the economic systems of the Western, Central and parts of Ashanti parts is tremendous as it presently provides employment for over 6,000 husbandmans through its Rubber Out-grower Scheme. There would be more value added to the gum elastic if it is farther processed into tyres before it is exported to assorted states.1.7 RestrictionThe major restriction encountered was the trouble of acquiring some critical information with regard to the inaccessibility of bing mills to be used as local instance surveies and equipment as proficient surveies which are in conformity with gum elastic industry installations. The lone mill available within the state is the gum elastic mill located at Apemanim. However, this mill does non farther procedure the gum elastic into finished goods.1.8 ORGAN ISATION OF THE STUDYThe survey has been organised under five chief chapters. Chapter One focuses on the general debut to the survey and defines the research job, aims, range and justification. The 2nd chapter reviews literature on the construct and economic sciences of gum elastic production. Chapter Three covers the profile of the survey Region and Districts every bit good as the methodological analysis that has been employed to transport out the survey. The 4th chapter nowadayss an in-depth analysis and presentation of informations. The fifth and concluding chapter covers the major findings and policy deductions of the survey, recommendations and decision. 1.9 Summary The chapter has presented an overview of the whole survey with general issues facing the gum elastic industry. The following chapters will hence, present a critical reappraisal of the organic structure of literature related to the processing of gum elastic.

Differences between terrorists and guerillas essays

Differences between terrorists and guerillas essays In what ways do the methods of guerrillas differ from those of terrorists? Many different writers have devised their own meaning for terrorism. It is a definition which cannot be finalised, as there are so many factors constituting what a terrorist and what terrorism actually is. Likewise is the term guerrilla. Often terrorists and guerrillas are referred to in the same light. Indeed it is true that there are striking similarities in the methods of both terrorists and guerrillas. However there are also some fundamental differences between the two, which I will look at further in my essay. Critics offer many different variations on the meaning of terrorism. Jenkins describes it like this: Terrorism is violence for effect. The victim may be totally unrelated to the terrorists cause. Fear is the intended effect, not the by-product of terrorism. Jenkins is saying that the effect of a terrorist act is to instil fear in the civilian population. Terrorists throughout the years have used different methods in order to instil fear; assassinations, bombs and murder to name a few. Although fear may be an effect of terrorism, terrorists have varying aims. Often they have political motives. Thornton describes terrorism as: A symbolic act designed to influence political behaviour by extra normal means, entailing the use of or threat of violence. An example is perhaps the PIRA in N.Ireland. They use terrorism as a method to make political gains, with an eventual aim of a united Ireland. However some terrorists also have aims of personal gain, and others simply criminal motives. Therefore we can conclude that terrorists normally have a political agenda, although often they fight for other reasons. They use a wide variety of methods in order to achieve what they want, and the effect of these methods is a feeling of terror from the civilian population or a specific group in society. &qu...

Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay Essays

Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay Essays Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay Essay Relevance Of Identifying Peoples Needs And Strengths Social Work Essay Essay Explain the Relevance of placing Peoples demands and strengths, Respecting Diversity and advancing recovery in support of your working pattern. Identifying clients demands and strengths, esteeming diverseness and promoting recovery are portion of my voluntary function, playing an of import portion in the intervention procedure and the service of Addaction. How they are identified, the ground they are used and their function in the client s journey will be incorporated in explanatory statements and brooding transitions utilizing Schons Reflection on Actions ( 1983 as cited in Powell 1989 ) . Identifying a client s demands and strengths is accomplishable through appraisal and working in partnership. Assessment is the chief tool used to place demands and strengths, fiting the type of curative intercession and strength with the demands of the client. Appraisals, though portion of initial showing, are ongoing procedures, demands change and without continual monitoring and reappraisal throughout intervention, support and intercessions can go unengaged to the persons demands. Effective appraisals direct the execution of comprehensive attention and support, bearing relation to the effectivity of intervention and positive results, profiting client s, particularly those with complex demands, . Where appraisal must be done by legion services, partnership across subjects ensures continuity of intervention and support provided. Identifying demands and strengths determines the way of intervention, execution and options available to clients, their suitableness and needed accomplishments inclusive of wrongly focused accomplishments and restrictions. It enables intervention to be client focused and adaptable increasing the prosperity of that procedure. Motivation of current and future actions and purposes can be identified from a client s demands and strengths, authorising the client, giving appropriate support and entree to services. Interventions must be bases on the motives of clients, advancing battle in services at the most appropriate degree to accomplish their ends. The procedure of placing demands and strengths is every bit of import as the execution of the information gained. Inaccurate or omitted information effects subsequent service actions negatively ; this is magnified in intervention results, so competence degrees, engagement and accounts of procedures must be carefully considered and comparative to the client. Using internal frames of mention and sensitiveness are of import, giving penetration into the client state of affairs and demands from a subjective point of view, easing good communicating enables accurate information to be gathered bring forthing effectual service actions. The demands and strengths of a client can impact how attention programs and actions are achieved and the method in which they are delivered. They enable the client to joint their ends ; immediate, short term and long term and set programs into gesture whilst integrating what they need, what they want and what they are good at. It allows prevention/coping methods to be put in topographic point for accomplishments they feel they lack or are unfamiliar with, reappraisal allows feedback of the effectivity of these schemes. Throughout intervention demands and strengths vary, physical and mental demands can impact positive or negative intervention consequences and being cyclic the intervention itself can hold bearing on physical and mental demands of a client. Therefore continual reappraisal both of intervention and demands are of import to keep balance, integrate focal point and guarantee the relevancy of intercessions. Reappraisal of demands and strengths is a valuable tool, enabling clients to supervise their advancement constructively and from both sides of the practitioner/client relationship. This enables accommodations and contemplations on intervention, ends and back up on a regular basis affecting battle and engagement from both sides. In order to accomplish an effectual system that meets the single intervention demands of substance misusers, there needs to be in topographic point a procedure of showing, appraisal, care co-ordination and intervention reappraisal. ( Department of Health, 2002, p8 ) On contemplation, when a client is referred to our service a comprehensive appraisal is done and identifies demands in different ways. Hazard appraisals, attention programs and ends, purposes and nonsubjective exercisings identify demands and strengths and integrate them in intervention intercessions. Clients are encouraged to analyze their demands and reflect on state of affairss on a regular basis, placing missing accomplishments and extra demands utilizing personal ends sheets. This helps measure intervention, enables a better apprehension of purposes and strengths, reassesses demands and strengthens partnerships. Ultimately by understanding the demands and strengths of a client societal inclusion and recovery is promoted. The appraisal and intervention procedure must integrate personal, societal, cultural and religious demands of the client s individuality, the appraisal and the designation of these demands aids in re- affirming forgotten and unacknowledged demands, in their current life style, to the client. Diversity brings profusion of experience, cognition and apprehension of the practician and client, developing and bring forthing common regard and credence. Diverseness enables both growing and development, making flexible positions and consideration of alternate values. Open mindedness, positive respect and non-judgemental patterns heighten the practitioner/client relationship, exciting communicating and penetration, obtaining positive intervention consequences by admiting and esteeming diverseness. Respecting diverseness enables tailored insight into the clients values and rules, intervention respectful of their diversenesss can be incorporated into attention and support, heightening the experience and result. Servicess have an duty to follow with current statute law to advancing diverseness, avoid favoritism and to admit and counterbalance for any troubles or boundaries caused by following a scheme positive to diverseness. All parts of appraisal and attention should embrace the person s demands in relation to diverseness. Issues of cultural diverseness and the development of culturally competent services are indispensable ingredients of effectual intervention systems. ( Department of Health, 2002, p28 ) Social exclusion through bias and favoritism, towards the client, can attest as struggle, verbal confrontation, perceived accusals or incrimination initiated by following patterns disrespectful of diverseness. Social inequalities can be highlighted through diverseness, recognition of difference and the fright of difference can show ambitious and emotional state of affairss. Such state of affairss if respectful of difference can prosecute, confront and offer insight though must let for sensitiveness and active engagement. Respecting diverseness within the work force is particularly relevant for those being treated for substance abuse, due to the scope of services and suppliers, from generic wellness attention, societal attention to condemnable justness. A diverse work force provides a high quality service with specializer accomplishment set and experiences heightening the intervention procedure for clients. ( Department of Health, 2002, P ) Understand and admiting diverseness was portion of my initial voluntary preparation, integrating the diverseness of clients and services. Our service has many different facets to it throughout the condemnable justness system, esteeming the diverseness of environments and clients are indispensable. Diversity preparation helps me acknowledge and understand environments and clients heightening my professional relationships and working patterns, inclusive of the diverseness of the squad that I work with. Within my voluntary arrangement, my two wise mans are from different back evidences, one is ex-police and the other is an ex-substance user. They bring different accomplishments, experiences, point of views and methods to the function but with the same rules and results, this benefits the clients and myself, giving a profusion and diverseness to my arrangement and the clients experience. Recovery is alone to the person, personalised to the client and subjective. To ease recovery it is of import to turn to the values and rules of practicians and clients, enabling apprehension, recognition and supplying a service based on the clients demands. In order for alteration to take topographic point, utilizing The Cycle of Change Model ( 1982 as cited in Davidson, R. 2002 ) , external state of affairss, ends, demands and strengths must be identified, even with the integrating of multiple issues, each must be considered on single virtue. Facilitation of alteration demands to be done by authorization of the client, enabling the apprehension of issues and execution of get bying schemes to be achieved. Recovery is seen to be an result of intervention, though in world it is a sequence of events, inclusive of exposures and dislocations that determine discoveries and accomplishments. Often these reverses are critical chances to turn, learn and alteration, facilitated by the practician, determined by the clients ain picks, actions and ends. Clients are experts in their ain recovery and experiences, engagement must be promoted around this cognition and penetration gained to present trim programmes of attention. To accomplish recovery focussed results, the intervention system needs to go more antiphonal to single demands. ( NTA, 2010, p5 ) Recovery may differ in reading inclusive of decrease, care, stabilization or abstention based ends, each determined by the client and of equality importance. Recovery includes the deduction of wellness instruction, hazard bar and injury decrease methods, drug usage though non desired is possible and recovery though accomplishable may non be lasting. Changeless appraisal, reappraisal and reappraisals are critical during the recovery procedure, turn toing multiple subjects and reexamining intercessions, clip to look into and research is necessary to ease alteration. To facilitated alteration the programme of attention must accommodate and react, advancing and believing in recovery. Hope is critical enabling the client to see that results are accomplishable, hope and belief in the client s possible is critical to alter and the success of implemented attention. There is ever hope of recovery and it is critical to pass on that from the start in all idiosyncrasies. ( Stickley A ; Basset, 2008, p133 ) On contemplation, our intervention programmes have clip restraints and though the foundations of recovery and the rhythm of alteration are implemented full recovery occurs outside our service. Our perceptual experience of recovery within our service is the designation of demands and strengths, the existences of alteration, hope and the belief that a client is get downing on their journey with the tools, ends, the service support required to accomplish their single recovery end. To reason strengths and demands, esteeming diverseness and promoting recovery are all critical parts of the intervention procedure, each facilitating and back uping the recovery procedure. Each is interconnected and interdependent in the execution of attention, intervention and the facilitation of recovery. The successful execution of each of these positively influences the possible intervention results for the client. Strengths and needs require ongoing appraisals and include esteeming diverseness within purposes and intercessions, which is portion of advancing alone recovery, enabling and authorising clients to accomplish their coveted ends. 1584

A Report on the Improvement of My Speech as a Public Speaker Through Self-Assessment

A Report on the Improvement of My Speech as a Public Speaker Through Self-Assessment Informative Briefing Self-Assessment Essay In choosing my topic, I wanted to talk about something that I was passionate about alongside something that just about everyone would be interested in knowing more about. With the history of Pokemon video games and their initial popularity based on the statistics, I wanted to make sure people who did not know much about the franchise were well informed and those that knew a lot about the franchise were able to stay interested in something they could relate to not only as a child but as a young adult. After watching my Panopto video, I was very satisfied with my presentation. I also was able to notice specific places and aspects were I can improve to present an even greater speech the next time around. Following my first speech, I plan to give a better speech by speaking more slowly and engaging the audience more efficiently. To start off, I will first go over the strengths included in the feedback from my peers. Many of my peers were pleased with my execution of the speech, through the projection of my voice, my natural body movements, eye contact, and overall evidence of passion in the subject. I also received positive feedback about the overall organization of my speech, mainly based on the use of visuals and bullets on the slides as I spoke. The feedback tied in with the Panopto recording, as I could see how clearly I spoke, how organized my presentation was, and how naturally relaxed I was. I was very satisfied with these general aspects of my speech that the audience not only enjoyed, but was able to keep up with. Alongside the positive feedback, there are some fields that I would like to and need to improve in. Feedback on improvements included more eye contact at times, needing to let the questions sink in/letting the audience answer, and overall slowing down in order to have some members keep up with my speech. Overall, I generally agree with the improvements needed. There were times where I would look down at my notes longer than I should, such as when I would talk about the statistics or go over an extended aspect of history. When asking my questions to engage the audience such as in the introduction, I never did pause to let the questions sink in or to have some peers answer the questions; that aspect is specifically what I need to work on. The pace of my speech is really fast; based on some of the feedback, some peers were unable to keep up with my topic, especially when I would reference to the statistics aspect of my speech. I know that one of the reasons for my fast-paced speech was the time limit, but for future speeches I could possibly use less information to be able to speak at a reasonable speed and still stay within the directed time limit. In general, the informative briefing speech has helped me be more aware of my strengths and weaknesses as a public speaker. Receiving feedback from peers that have to do the same informative briefings gives me a different perspective as opposed to just a teacher giving me feedback. Watching my speech on Panopto gave me a personal insight on what I need to improve on alongside my individual strengths as a public speaker. Before my next speech, I plan to pace myself alongside keeping up with how long my speech is. I will also focus on memorizing certain subjects in my topics so I won’t have to rely too much on my notecards. Engaging the audience more efficiently is something else I will focus on for my next speech. These techniques will fortify the aspects I already excel on as a public speaker, and will initially improve my speeches and presentations.

Hooters restaurants need to just admit its adult entertainment and ban Essay

Hooters restaurants need to just admit its adult entertainment and ban children after 9pm. Agree or disagree - Essay Example But in the today’s times where a lot of insight and literature is available on business ethics, empowered by forces such as the media and civilian Watchdogs; ignorance is indeed not an excuse. Most of the literature available on ethics is dominated by rhetoric without accommodating the everyday practical situations that businesses deal with and without an adequate framework. There is also a wide array of ethical theories and explanations that are present, each one holding a particular merit, but the lack of uniformity and coherence makes it hard to standardize or decide on a single formula or framework to deal with such issues. Thus, this paper aims to critically assess an Ethical dilemma with a very objective outlook. This paper aims to systematically present the problem backed by facts and then present a legal and ethical analysis of the facts, without a bias towards either side. And ultimately using this analysis to present a very carefully constructed judgment. While incre ased globalization has opened up many new markets for trade, it has also increased competition among businesses to capture market share. Competition is naturally deemed as healthy, but it can also lead to practices that circumvent the existing socioethical status quos and thus lead to ethical dilemmas. 1 (Richard M. Locke, 2002) As per observations, increased competition leads to firms looking up for newer and more innovative ways to differentiate their products and services. Hooters, an American chain of fast food restaurants, is another such company that has made the use of a rather unconventional and unorthodox medium of differentiating itself, which in its case is female sex appeal. This strategy has been a source of debate and objection from many different circles but has also been successful in creating a market for Hooters. The extent of success and objections differs from place to place depending upon the demographic makeup of the respective locations. Our aim is to explore the many ways in which this eatery operates, analyze the potential sources of objection using legal and ethical notions and then ultimately form a judgment in context of normative ethics regarding what Hooters ought to do. To be specific, this paper will ultimately analyze the validity of the claim that Hooters is indeed an adult entertainment provider operating under the garb of a traditional fast food restaurant, and should consequently disallow the entry of children after 9 p.m. as per the usual legal norms. SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Hooters, since its inception in 1983 has openly admitted to using female sex appeal as a unique selling proposition. While doing this lies within its legal jurisdiction as protected by the American constitution and other governing laws throughout the world, the crux of the debate regarding Hooters lies in the company not classifying itself as an adult service provider. But once it does so, its market will be constricted mainly to adults, and this is what the company doesn’t want. The main attraction of the Hooters franchise are the Hooters Girls. The Hooters Girls are usually young, attractive females wearing a standard required uniform, the highlight of which is a White Hooters tank top and orange shorts. The clothes are meant to enhance the attraction of the body, but strictly without any nudity. The Hooters Girls are supposed to entertain and interact with the customers as part of the Hooters

Exercise Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exercise Health - Essay Example Kumar et al in their book Pathologic basis of disease, refer to cardiovascular disease as the single greatest killer of humanity in industrialized nations, accounting for more than 5 million deaths per year. Sedentary living and the associated cardiorespiratory diseases are regarded by Bouchard and Blair as the major factors responsible for premature deaths in this century. Hypertension and obesity are the initial manifestations of disease as the body starts accumulating fats due to the lack of physical activity. Soon the blood vessels become clogged due to the deposition of fibrous plaques, leading to increased blood pressure. Canlas describes hypertension as the silent killer, because it causes extensive damage internally long before the external manifestations of the disease. It is therefore important to realize the importance of exercise and incorporate it in a daily routine to nip the problem in the bud. Fletcher et al in their statement on exercise state the fundamental role of physical activity to counter the cardiovascular accidents. According to them, exercise increases the functional capacity of the heart and reduces the myocardial oxygen demand. Exercise minimizes the chances of adverse cardiac events in normal population and in rehabilitation of patients who have survived a prior attack. Regular routine improves calcium deposition in bones, thereby increasing bone density and reducing the risk of bone break disease, osteoporosis. Siscovick et al highlight the importance of adopting a regular exercise routine in order to maintain the bone strength and flexibility especially after menopause. The effects of exercise on muscular system are evident as an improvement in endurance and power on account of resistance training. Bouchard et al propose a regular exercise routine because it ensures an adequate fat distribution over the body and the normal body mass index as well as counter the metabolic disturbances leading to the development of diabetes and abn ormal lipid profiles. Chesley et al highlight the effects of exercise when accompanied by adequate protein intake, as it helps shed excessive fat and shifts the muscle protein turn over towards the synthesis of new proteins resulting in increased lean muscle mass. As evident, the benefits of exercise are numerous and the risks are minor or limited to some exceptional cases. Care should be taken when designing the exercise plan for hypertensive people or the survivors of congestive cardiac failure as they have limited reserve of cardiac and respiratory functional capacity. Siscovick et al describe the benefits of starting from light aerobics and moving onto resistance training exercises as they prove beneficial in the long run, as manifested by increase in strength and endurance, and a lower level blood pressure. Bouchard et al also advocate this approach as a step to reduce the over all chances of recurrence of adverse cardiac events and support the fact that a carefully designed ex ercise regimen should dismisses the myth about exercise being dangerous for health. When talking about the sedentary life style in developed countries, the referred target population is the one with great jobs and the policy makers who employ masses for the tasks to be performed, while their own job is limited to sitting at the desk behind a screen to make and manage the policies and

Negotiation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation Paper - Assignment Example To begin with, however, the nurse stated her primary concern that she would only work with $X per month. The organization was planning to pay $Y per month, however, the amount stated by $X was significantly less. In this way, by falsely anchoring her self, the nurse was now in a weak position to get only what she had asked for. The hospital had a BATNA now. It was able to see that should it state an amount of $Z that was near to the amount X that the nurse had wanted, that organization would be able to reach an agreement at a much lower price than what it intended to pay. Here the focus now shifted more towards material interests of getting the nurse to agree for the new amount. If the nurse did not agree, the organization could simply walk away with it. When faced with the new amount, the nurse realized that she had been made an offer that in fact was not much to her liking. At this point she got emotional, since she felt that the organization was using her. Here the organization was only pressing on a statement given by the nurse to them before. However, the nurse now realizing her mistake was now feeling emotional. The organization here realized that her needs were mostly for material needs and to satisfy the physical needs of food, hunger and material safety. At this point the nurse was not interested in achieving a sense of personal well being. Here the organization thought of providing certain material gains to her to generate her interest. It offered her free lunch and commute and highlighted how it would help reduce her costs from her pay. In this way, it tried to highlight a common ground for both the organization and the nurse. By providing the nurse with her basic needs as per Maslow’s hierarchy, the organization w as able to convince the nurse to take up the position at a rate that was much less than the original amount the organization had planned in the first place. The art of negotiation therefore, relies heavily

Post Election Violence in Kenya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Post Election Violence in Kenya - Essay Example This paper will look into the extent the rigged election brought about the Post Election Violence and also how the other factors contributed to the violence. BACKGROUND During the 2002 election, the opposition of the country which was composed of many parties like, The Democratic Party (DP), led by Mwai Kibaki, Social Democratic Party (SDP), led by Charity Ngilu, Forum for Democratic Change in Kenya (FORD Kenya), under Kijana Wamalwa and a contingent of other minority parties joined hands in an attempt to oust the dominant party Kenya National African Union (KANU) from power. The coalition that was formed by the opposition parties was called the National Alliance of Kenya (NAK) and it was making very serious progresses towards bring an end to the KANU rule, which had been in power since independence in the year 1963. KANU felt threatened and President Moi, in an attempt to win the election tried various strategies in ensuring that the party would win the elections (The Nation, 2008). There were other developments in the ruling party KANU and one of the most destructive was the move by President Moi to support Uhuru Kenyatta to take the chairmanship of the party, which constitutionally would lead Uhuru Kenyatta to become the next president of the country if the party won the elections. This did not go down well with some major party officials who deemed that Uhuru did not have the experience to take up the responsibility that would be bestowed upon him. The president was relentless in his efforts to make Uhuru the president of the country. During the 2002 party elections, Uhuru won the chairmanship and some of the party officials, who also doubled up as ministers in the KANU... During the 2002 election, the opposition of the country which was composed of many parties like, The Democratic Party (DP), led by Mwai Kibaki, Social Democratic Party (SDP), led by Charity Ngilu, Forum for Democratic Change in Kenya (FORD Kenya), under Kijana Wamalwa and a contingent of other minority parties joined hands in an attempt to oust the dominant party Kenya National African Union (KANU) from power. The coalition that was formed by the opposition parties was called the National Alliance of Kenya (NAK) and it was making very serious progresses towards bring an end to the KANU rule, which had been in power since independence in the year 1963. KANU felt threatened and President Moi, in an attempt to win the election tried various strategies in ensuring that the party would win the elections. There were other developments in the ruling party KANU and one of the most destructive was the move by President Moi to support Uhuru Kenyatta to take the chairmanship of the party, which constitutionally would lead Uhuru Kenyatta to become the next president of the country if the party won the elections. This did not go down well with some major party officials who deemed that Uhuru did not have the experience to take up the responsibility that would be bestowed upon him. The president was relentless in his efforts to make Uhuru the president of the country. During the 2002 party elections, Uhuru won the chairmanship and some of the party officials resigned and formed a political movement of their own known as the Liberal Democratic Party

The Use of Multi-word Units (MWU) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Use of Multi-word Units (MWU) - Essay Example I will employ key sequence analysis to reveal the significantly overused or underused MWUs by Taiwanese learners. In addition, this analysis will explore the extent to which use of MWUs developed over time. Time in consideration is the one-year intercultural exposure of Taiwanese with their British peers. The aim is to analyze the MWUs used by Taiwanese students to examine their approximation to those sequences used by native speakers of English. Previous section proved that use of MWUs is often linked to particular conditions of use. It also established three central functions of communication could be achieved: social interaction, necessary topics, and discourse devices (see Biber et al., 2004; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992; Schmitt & Carter, 2004; Wray & Perkins, 2000). Nevertheless, it is evident that the use of MWUs in different communication modes is different with reference to the functional types, as shown in Table 12 and Figure 1. Concerning MWUs for social interaction, they are extremely common across different datasets. In this study, large amount of conventionalized language is typically attached to them for different speech acts in social interaction. For instance thanks for the to express politeness, it would be to comply with a request, I can’t wait to express personal intension, would you like to provide an offer and an amount of other related usage. Moreover, an increase of the use of MWUs for social interaction can be observed in online communication (BATICC-O) to face-to-face interaction (BATICC-F), occupying approximately 38%, and 54% of the top 50 MWUs respectively. It is likely that the young learners focused more on social interaction when they meet face-to-face. On the other hand, in online communication they focus on number of topics related to the two different languages, cultures and countries. About MWUs serving the function of necessary topics, it can be seen from Table 12 that overall they are particularly common in online

Negotiation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation Paper - Assignment Example To begin with, however, the nurse stated her primary concern that she would only work with $X per month. The organization was planning to pay $Y per month, however, the amount stated by $X was significantly less. In this way, by falsely anchoring her self, the nurse was now in a weak position to get only what she had asked for. The hospital had a BATNA now. It was able to see that should it state an amount of $Z that was near to the amount X that the nurse had wanted, that organization would be able to reach an agreement at a much lower price than what it intended to pay. Here the focus now shifted more towards material interests of getting the nurse to agree for the new amount. If the nurse did not agree, the organization could simply walk away with it. When faced with the new amount, the nurse realized that she had been made an offer that in fact was not much to her liking. At this point she got emotional, since she felt that the organization was using her. Here the organization was only pressing on a statement given by the nurse to them before. However, the nurse now realizing her mistake was now feeling emotional. The organization here realized that her needs were mostly for material needs and to satisfy the physical needs of food, hunger and material safety. At this point the nurse was not interested in achieving a sense of personal well being. Here the organization thought of providing certain material gains to her to generate her interest. It offered her free lunch and commute and highlighted how it would help reduce her costs from her pay. In this way, it tried to highlight a common ground for both the organization and the nurse. By providing the nurse with her basic needs as per Maslow’s hierarchy, the organization w as able to convince the nurse to take up the position at a rate that was much less than the original amount the organization had planned in the first place. The art of negotiation therefore, relies heavily

The Use of Multi-word Units (MWU) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Use of Multi-word Units (MWU) - Essay Example I will employ key sequence analysis to reveal the significantly overused or underused MWUs by Taiwanese learners. In addition, this analysis will explore the extent to which use of MWUs developed over time. Time in consideration is the one-year intercultural exposure of Taiwanese with their British peers. The aim is to analyze the MWUs used by Taiwanese students to examine their approximation to those sequences used by native speakers of English. Previous section proved that use of MWUs is often linked to particular conditions of use. It also established three central functions of communication could be achieved: social interaction, necessary topics, and discourse devices (see Biber et al., 2004; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992; Schmitt & Carter, 2004; Wray & Perkins, 2000). Nevertheless, it is evident that the use of MWUs in different communication modes is different with reference to the functional types, as shown in Table 12 and Figure 1. Concerning MWUs for social interaction, they are extremely common across different datasets. In this study, large amount of conventionalized language is typically attached to them for different speech acts in social interaction. For instance thanks for the to express politeness, it would be to comply with a request, I can’t wait to express personal intension, would you like to provide an offer and an amount of other related usage. Moreover, an increase of the use of MWUs for social interaction can be observed in online communication (BATICC-O) to face-to-face interaction (BATICC-F), occupying approximately 38%, and 54% of the top 50 MWUs respectively. It is likely that the young learners focused more on social interaction when they meet face-to-face. On the other hand, in online communication they focus on number of topics related to the two different languages, cultures and countries. About MWUs serving the function of necessary topics, it can be seen from Table 12 that overall they are particularly common in online

Categorical imperative Essay Example for Free

Categorical imperative Essay Immanuel Kant believed in utilitarianism, which is the moral philosophy that says we should act in such ways as to make the greatest number of people happy as possible. This is why he introduced the categorical imperative. As a moral law, it is a command that is unqualified and not dependent on any conditions or qualifications. In short, it tells us to act in such a way that we would want everyone else to act the same way. In the circumstance where I am considering stealing a book when no one is looking, how would I decide whether the act is immoral or not? By using Kant’s categorical imperative, I first have to generalize my action. I have to wonder what would happen if everyone in the world did what I was doing would it begin to contradict itself. If everyone in the world was to steal a book when no one is looking, then there would be no point in selling books in the first place since no one in the world is willing to make a purchase. The book tells us that for Kant, this result is enough to show that the intended action is immoral and irrational. On the other hand, if a certain scenario was to not contradict from generalization, you would then ask yourself if you are willing to live in a world where everyone did that particular act. For example, I see someone who is in dire need of help. The cost of helping this person is little to none, but I still find myself unwilling to help him. First, let’s generalize that situation. Imagine a world where everyone was unwilling to lend a hand when someone was in a situation of extreme need. That kind of world is actually imaginable, and it doesn’t contradict itself in anyway. However, when I ask the question, â€Å"Would I want to live in a world like that? † the answer will always be no. That would be a horrifying world to live in. I could be dying and in need for someone to call the ambulance and no one would stop and help. Therefore, through Kant’s way of reasoning and thinking, this action is also immoral. Utilitarianism focuses around making the majority happy. As a strong believer in utilitarianism, Kant introduced the imperative predicament which in short required an individual to act the way he or she would want everyone else in the world to act. Stealing a book is not something an individual would want everyone in the world to do. Which is why Kant would believe that it is immoral.

Case Study In Specialty Practice And Epilepsy

Case Study In Specialty Practice And Epilepsy Around fifty million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, making seizures a common cause for patients to present to emergency departments for treatment (WHO, 2009). They pose for complicated management as the occurrence of further seizures in the ED can result in life threatening complications. A seizure can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a hyperexcitation of neurons in the brain leading to a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of musclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A seizure may be clonic or tonic: focal, unilateral, or bilateral: generalised or partial (Anderson (Ed.), 2002, p. 1554). This case study aims to discuss a patient presenting post seizure activity outlining the presenting and foreseen patient problems including a dependant nursing intervention and its role in seizure management. This paper will discuss the presentation of a sixty-one year old Caucasian male, with a complex medical history. His presentation post a witnessed generalised tonic clonic seizure wi ll be explored including the interventions performed by nursing staff. In this case the prescription of Phenytoin was explored as a dependent nursing intervention that aims to provide symptom relief and cessation of seizure activity by binding to inactive sodium channels to prevent neurons firing and therefore prevent muscle contraction (Aschenbrenner Venable, 2009). Thereafter the paper aims to critically appraise the evidence based literature surrounding its use, discussing its effectiveness in the management of the patient discussed and the evaluation of its use. Any gaps in literature will then be identified outlining suggestions for recommendations to improve current practice. On arrival to the Emergency Department (ED) via ambulance the patient was triaged as a category one and transferred to the resuscitation cubicle for immediate assessment and intervention. He was witnessed by a friend to have full body shaking with eyes closed and was unresponsive for approximately two minutes. The patients history includes alcohol abuse, asthma, epilepsy, heavy smoker and chronic back pain. The patient is generally non-compliant with medications and usually drinks a four litre cask of wine per day of which he has not had for the past three days. The patient was found to be post-ictal following the seizure and remained agitated for some hours after. The patient had multiple problems which include a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8-9, agitation, hypertension, and a threatened airway and therefore required a Nasopharygeal airway. He was noted to continue to desaturate on room air. It can be seen that ensuring the patency of the patients airway is essential in first line management to decrease complications such as tissue hypoxia, hypertension and decreased cerebral blood flow. Thereafter an A,B,C,D assessment approach should be undertaken with interventions aiming to cease seizure activity being a priority (Tesoro Brophy, 2010). A seizure that lasts longer than thirty minutes can have devastating effects on the patient; initially causing an increase in autonomic activity which can lead to hypertension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and sweating. However if the seizure continues on greater than thirty minutes, then further deterioration can occur. As metabolic demand during a seizure is high, the body is no longer able to compensate for this. As a result cerebral autoregulation is lost, cerebral blood flow decreases, intracranial pressure rises and hypotension occurs (Tesoro Brophy, 2010). Furthermore if the seizure continues on past this time, death and perman ent brain damage can transpire (Rabinstein, 2010). While the management of a patient having a seizure involves multiple interventions, this case study will discuss one dependant intervention being the administration of IV Phenytoin 1gram in 100mls Normal Saline given over thirty minutes. This decision was made by the treating medical officer as the patient was already taking oral Phenytoin, however was likely that a therapeutic dose range was not achieved due to patient non-compliance. The IV route was chosen as the patient could not swallow tablets and therapeutic levels were required immediately for the safety of the patient (Gallop, 2010). While the patient is already on Phenytoin he is therefore assumed not to be allergic to it, however there can be other side effects to this drug when it is given via the IV route. These include local reactions to the IV site, arrhythmias, dizziness and hyponatremia (Gilad, Izkovitz, Dabby, Rapport, Sadeh, Weller Lampl, 2008). While another study also reports adverse effects of hypotension (Aaro nson, Belgado, Spillane Kunisaki, 2010). For the patient involved these side effects were considered minimal compared to the benefit of stopping the seizure. The nursing implications for this medication include regular cardiac and blood pressure monitoring, both during and after the infusion is completed (Gallop, 2010). Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of Phenytoin considering adverse effects, efficacy and in comparison to other antiepileptic drugs. While Phenytoin was used in this case study as the patient was already taking it orally, it was shown to work as the seizure activity ceased. However the study by Zeng, Wang, Xi Yan (2010), illustrate that 39% of patients in their study pulled out due to poor control of seizures. Similar findings were also discovered by Hiba et. al., (2010), who reported less than 40% of patients were seizure free over a twelve month period. Misra, Kalita Patel (2006) also report findings of reduced efficacy of Phenytoin when compared to Sodium Valporate. Ramsay et al., (2010), further substantiates this with more patients leaving the study due to various reasons when compared to that of Topiramate. However, this study then reports that superiority of Topiramate could not be established, with a p value of 0.366. In comparison Gallop (2010), conducted a r eview and found it to be moderately effective for Status Epilepticus (SE) patients and could also be used to prevent early post-traumatic seizures. Turnbull, Howel, Rawlins Chadwick (1985), also report similar findings with efficacy and determined that no statistical difference was found between Phenytoin and Valporate for seizure control, with a p=0.4, both showing similarly good control of seizure activity over a two year period. Several studies have shown a number of adverse effects post the IV administration of Phenytoin in the patient having a seizure. Gallop (2010) and Earnest, Marx Drury (1983), report studies showing burning and pain to the IV site during administration. Tesoro Brophy (2010) also report an adverse effect of pain and oedema to the IV site, however all studies reported pain ceased when the infusion was slowed or diluted further. Other adverse effects were noted by Gilad, et. al., (2008), reporting 12% of patients in the study showed cardiac arrhythmia, vertigo and hyponatremia, however noting a p value 0.035. Further studies show similar findings; Gallop (2010) reports hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and arrest; Aaronson et. al., (2010) shows only hypotension with no statistical difference noted between Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin in terms of adverse reactions. Turnbull et.al., (1985), report on the oral form of Phenytoin and note reactions of rashes, nystagmus, tremor and ataxia. Zeng et. al., (2010), report similar findings with most common reactions being loss of appetite, nystagmus, nausea, fatigue and tremor. Phenytoin was used for the patient to control his seizures as he was already taking its oral form and it was assumed that Phenytoin provided him with good efficacy. However based on the research conducted for this case study, there is no definitive antiepileptic drug that provides excellent efficacy for every patient. A number of studies show several adverse effects relating to Phenytoin and some studies suggest Sodium Valporate as a substitute, which has a limited number of documented adverse reactions. Gilad et. al., (2008) make this suggestion, with 87.8% of patients receiving good seizure control with Sodium Valporate with no recorded side effects, however 88% of patients on Phenytoin also report good efficacy. However other studies, for example Gallop (2010), show good seizure control when administered to patients suffering SE and in post-traumatic seizures. While another study suggests that no superiority was found between Phenytoin and Topiramate in terms of efficacy, however would recommend Topiramate for its reduced number of adverse effects (Ramsay et. al., 2010). While no medication is ever risk free, all adverse effects should be considered and consultation made of whether the risks outweigh the benefits. In this case study the intervention of Phenytoin was decided to be of benefit to the patient, to stop him from having life threatening seizures. While the evidence shows Phenytoin to be of risk to the patient in terms of adverse effects it did stop this patient from seizing while recording no adverse reactions, which suggests good efficacy. The use of Phenytoin, as previously stated, does have its risks, however these can be minimised with recommendations for best practice. Gallop (2010), and Tesoro Brophy (2010), suggest an infusion rate for IV Phenytoin no greater than 50mg/min and monitoring of blood pressure and ECG during and post infusion. Earnest et. al., (1983), make similar recommendations with suggestions of a dilution down to 6.7mg/mL with an infusion rate 40mg/min, with a total dose of 10-15mg/kg, also suggesting regular observations both during and after the infusion is completed. Other studies then suggest a combination of medications. Rabinstein (2010), suggests administration of an antiepileptic drug and also the use of Benzodiazepine. Tesoro Brophy make this same suggestion; stating that Benzodiazepines should be first line and then treat with anticonvulsants. While most studies are able to provide evidence from research carried out, all make the suggestion for further, larger studies, to provide furt her substantiation prior to change of clinical practice. The patient was loaded with IV Phenytoin 1 gram, diluted in 100mls Normal Saline and given over thirty minutes, giving a dilution of 10mg/mL; a slightly higher rate than that suggested by Earnest et. al., (1983), however a slower infusion of 33mg/min, than the suggested 50mg/mL by Gallop (2010), and Tesoro Brophy (2010). The patient was also given Midazolam 3mg in increments for agitation post the seizure, with good effect. The patient at no time became hypotensive or bradycardiac with nil rash, nausea or nystagmus. The patient eventually returned to a GCS 15 and was admitted to the ward for observation. In summary this case study discusses the dependant intervention of Phenytoin administration to a patient that presents to the ED while having a seizure. Various studies report hypotension and bradycardia as life threatening adverse reactions to Phenytoin, however these can be minimised with slow IV infusion. Best practice suggests an infusion rate of 50mg/min with a dilution of 6.7mg/ml. While Phenytoin had good efficacy for this patient, some studies report Sodium Valporate as most efficient, however no antiepileptic drug is found to be superior over all. More research and larger scale studies are recommended prior to application of intervention to clinical practice from the research discussed.

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone Essay -- comparison com

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud postulates that the chief source of conflict within the human psyche is between the id, ego, and superego. The id contains all of the primal urges of a person, such as rage, sex, or violence, and these drives are projected onto the ego, which is the source of rational thought. Hence, many of our conscious thoughts are affected by these urges. Since in a civilized society, many of these compulsions, such as the tendency towards violence and casual mating, are unacceptable, a mechanism is needed to keep these thoughts in check. The superego serves this function by restraining the ego, and it accomplishes this by reversing these primal drives back onto the ego itself.    Freud suggests that this causes unhappiness in humans, because these animalistic tendencies, since they are not causing destruction in the external world, now cause destruction to the human psyche. This leads to conflict within the self and unhappiness among humans. In extreme cases this leads to psychological diseases such as hysteria.    The two main urges in humans are those of Eros and Death, and these two forces oppose each other as a struggle "between the instinct of life and the instinct of destruction". It is apparent very early on as shown in the famous Oedipal Complex developed by Freud, where the male infant focuses his Eros drive upon his mother, and his Death drive upon the father figure. This leads to the classic Oedipal triangle where the son kills his father and marries his mother, as it occurred originally in Sophocles' play Oedipus the King.    Here, Freud takes a distinctly modern view of an age-old problem of why humans are unh... ...ace College Publishers, 1999.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Fagles, Robert. "Introduction to Oedipus the King." In Sophocles' The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 131-53.    Sigmund Freud, "Oedipus Rex." The Interpretation of Dreams. Qtd. In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Thomas Woodard (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1966) 101-104. Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 157-25 Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.   

Goethe’s Statement :: essays research papers

Goethe’s statement, â€Å"Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help then to become what they are capable of being† is commonly used in both a positive and negative form in today’s society. When a person looks the statement carefully over, they will find the meaning into what he is saying. From the Bible, the quote â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you† is very similar to Goethe’s statement. If a person acts in a certain way toward somebody, then the environment and the people in which that person is surrounded by affects his attitude directly. When a person believes somebody has the capability to be more than they are, and the person pushes that person to succeed, the person will live up to those standards. By having another source other than yourself see what you are capable of doing, it lets people see themselves from a different perspective. There are many examples in modern day society of Goethe’ s statement. A positive example of a modern day Goethe statement is in the Army. When a person thinks of the Army, the first thing that a person will think of is the quote â€Å"Be all that you can be.† The is an encouraging statement for people, and this will make people feel as if they can be part of something more helpful and proud. If a person exerts their whole self into becoming a soldier, and if other people tell them that they have the power to be more than just average, then, they put forth more effort, and feel better about themselves. Another positive example is in the acting business. While an actor is on stage saying his lines, he might meet the criticism of the director. The director of a play should know the ability of an actor, and by criticizing him; it is helping them become a better actor. There are also people with professions that, on a daily basis, they help people better themselves. These people are teachers and tutors. Teachers and students interact with each other more out of a day than most students interact with their parents. Teachers help us expand and open our mind by giving us skills throughout students’ early life to help students when they are older. By learning information from teachers, students become better people, in a couple of ways. Besides inquiring knowledge from their teachers, students learn to work with one another, open their mind to other peoples’ thoughts and ideas, respect one another, and learn different techniques for life’s issues.

Lead Person-Centred practice Essay

1) Person centred practice is dedicated to supporting people to develop their lives and fulfill their ambitions. Every person needs support to plan in a way that is meaningful to them and therefore we are flexible and innovative to make this a truly inclusive process. A Plan can be carried out in different ways, it could be hand written, presented on the PC as a PowerPoint, could be filmed, made into a music video, put on a DVD, the most important aspect is that the individual has created it with support from individuals who know them well so they can tell individuals who do not know them well how to support them. There are four main approaches to person centred practice, â€Å"Pathway† planning, â€Å"Maps† planning, â€Å"Person centred portfolios† (otherwise known as â€Å"Essential Lifestyle Planning†) and â€Å"Personal Future Planning.† see more:explain how legislation policy or guidance underpin self-directed support Pathway Planning: A Pathway Plan sets out the arrangements to meet the needs of a young person so that they can take the right steps into adulthood. The process of making the Pathway Plan starts just before the young person’s 16th birthday and lasts until they are 21 (or longer if the young person is in education or training).The Pathway Plan is usually put together by the Children and Young People’s Service but will involve others who have responsibility to provide support. The young person is always involved and is at the centre of this process. Maps Planning: MAPs focus strongly on a desirable future or dream and what it would take to move closer to that. Individual Service Design focuses on the past to help deepen the shared understanding and commitment to the person. ELP: Essential Lifestyle Planning is a guided process for learning how someone wants to live and developing a plan to help make it happen. Personal Future Planning: Personal Futures Planning is a planning process that involves: Getting to know the person and what her life is like now. Developing ideas about what she would like in the future.  Taking action to move towards this, which involves exploring possibilities within the community and looking at what needs to change within services.  Each has a particular approach that is appropriate for different individuals in different situations. The McGill Action Planning System (MAPS) brings together a group of people who help to identify the focus on service users’ talents and needs, and to negotiate changes to their routines based on their desires and aspirations. Essential Lifestyle Planning was developed for those individuals whom Stalker and Campbell (1998) describe as people with ‘severe reputations’. It is commonly used to plan for those who are moving out of institutions. Personal Futures Planning focuses less on services and tends towards building relationships with family, friends and the wider community. PATHS can be used in the development of individual action plans. As a Manager I would be promoting all of the above as all have the same ethos behind them and that is the individual in the centre and the support working with the individual to achieve future goals and aspirations. It is vital that the individual is key and we as supporting others aid them to achieve their goals and where needed adapt services so these can be met. I am aware that some goals may be unrealistic and perhaps unachievable e.g. I want to play football for Chelsea, but we can support them to organise a trip to see a match, look around the stadium but also source a local football team for them to join and explain that they need to acquire the skills to play for a premier league but everyone has to start somewhere. This way you are encouraging them to take control of setting and achieving their goals. Encouraging and supporting individuals to make informed choices can only enhance their lives and ensure they are listened too by family members, supporting agencies and others who they may meet. If an individual feels listened to and included this can lead to many positive life experiences. All People with a learning disability are people first with the right to lead their lives like any others, with the same opportunities and responsibilities, and to be treated with the same dignity and respect. They and their families and carers are entitled to the same aspirations and life chances as other citizens The 4 Principles of Valuing People Now Rights People with learning disabilities and their families have the same human rights as everyone else. Independent living This does not mean living on your own or having to do everything yourself. All disabled people should have greater choice and control over the support they need to go about their daily lives; greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and transport opportunities and to participation in family and community life. Control This is about being involved in and in control of decisions made about your life. This is not usually doing exactly what you want, but is about having information and support to understand the different options and their implications and consequences, so people can make informed decisions about their own lives. Inclusion This means being able to participate in all the aspects of community – to work, learn, get about, meet people, be part of social networks and access goods and services – and to have the support to do so. Personalisation More people with learning disabilities should be able to commission their own services to live independently and have real choice about the way they live their lives. Having a Life To make sure people with learning disabilities have the same life opportunities as any other citizen Better Health All people with learning disabilities get the healthcare and the support they need to live healthy lives. Housing All people with learning disabilities and their families are able to choose where and with whom they live. Work, education and getting a life All people with learning disabilities and their families have a fulfilling life of their own that includes opportunities to work, study and enjoy social and leisure activities. Relationships and having a family People with learning disabilities should have the choice to have relationships, become parents and continue to be parents, and the support to do so. People as Citizens To make sure people with learning disabilities are treated as equal citizens Advocacy All people with learning disabilities can speak up and be heard about what they want from their lives – the big decisions and the everyday choices. If they need support to do this, they should be able to get it. Transport All people with learning disabilities will be able to use public transport safely and easily and feel confident to do so. Leisure and social activities All people with learning disabilities will be able to use local mainstream services such as leisure centres, sport facilities, libraries, cinemas, restaurants and shopping centres. Being safe in the community and at home All people with learning disabilities will be able to lead their lives in safe environments and will feel confident that their right to live safely is upheld by the criminal justice system. Access to justice and redress All people with learning disabilities will feel able to make a complaint or seek legal redress; they will be treated with the same dignity and respect as any other citizen. Making it happen To make sure Valuing People Now happens Leadership and delivery structures Leadership, delivery and partnership structures must be in place to make sure Valuing People Now happens. Partnership Boards All local authorities need strong and effective Partnership Boards with clear commitment from key local decision makers and the authentic involvement of people with learning disabilities and family carers. Better Commissioning Commissioning needs to support the right outcomes for people with learning disabilities and their families. Developing the Workforce The workforce across public services need to have the appropriate support and training to make sure Valuing People Now happens for all people with learning disabilities and their families. Measuring performance Both NHS and Local authorities will be required to measure how well they do in making sure Valuing People Now happens. 2) As a manager it is my responsibility to ensure all staff receive the appropriate training, this includes Person Centred Planning. This will give each individual a background behind PCP and why is it important within our setting. Each Service user has a designated Keyworker and it is their responsibility to upkeep the paperwork, appointments, Medical appointments, Planning and PCP. All Keyworker’s have a monthly meeting and they discuss goals, aspirations, future projects, obstacles and any other relevant topics. This is documented and when necessary transferred to the individuals PCP. The service user will keep hold of their PCP and with their permission a copy is kept in their file so staff can keep up to date with any changes. A PCP is a working document and forever changing in accordance to individual needs. Everyone in an individual’s life can be included should they communicate this. People who may be important will be Family members, advocates, friends, other professionals and any other person they deem important. It is important with consent that all relevant individuals are involved so we gain a great insight and over view of an individual so we can support them with the best possible outcome. I ensure all staff are up to date with new documentation via, communication book, team meetings, supervisions and adhoc discussions. I support my staff team to work in a person centred way by ensuring training, regular communication, being a role model, providing easy read versions of the valuing people now, being flexible and open to new ideas. I will support all keyworker’s with the implementation of PCP’s by offering one to one support before to talk through the different stages; I will offer to support the keyworker meetings until the staff member and service user feel confident to move forward on their own, Explain to staff the different approaches and the flexibility a PCP has to offer an individual. The most important factor any staff need to know is the person is at the centre, it does not matter how they document it or the format as long as the individual’s needs, wishes and aspirations are clearly detailed so they are supported to reach their full potential. I will  demonstrate different ways of documenting e.g. PowerPoint presentation, DVD with the individual talking, Music CD, Scrap book, Photo’s, pictures from magazines etc†¦ It is also important to remember people change and this needs to be monitored as individuals will want to change goals or aspirations and may need support to do this. As a Manager I encourage staff to review PCP’s at each keyworker meeting to ensure they are current and denote the individual’s needs and wishes. The role of a Keyworker is vital and the individual must feel comfortable and at ease with this person. As a manager I encourage each service user to choose where possible their keyworker as this will be an im portant working relationship. 3) It is vital that the individual actively participates in their PCP as this document will enhance their everyday living and future goals. This document will empower the individual and bring them quality of life knowing that all the people in their life are working consistently and towards common goals. If an individual feels included in devising their PCP they will have a sense of worth and also understanding of their own needs. Also by including all the people who are important to the individual they will feel positive and self assured by others commenting on the things they do well and how they will support them to achieve their dreams, it will make then feel loved listened too. By encouraging the key working system to evaluate the PCP and their support needs in general it allows an individual to be open and honest and for us to actively listen to enhance our service and meet an individual’s needs. We are aware of risk taking and support positive risk taking as it is important for individual’s to experience different activities. We complete risk assessments for each individual to ensure they are safe but we also recognise that there are times when these will be void as individual’s will want to take risks. We have to be aware of the risks and discuss these with them or as a multi disciplinary team as a best interest, as it is important that the risk is the right risk for an individual.