Essay on Slavery In America - 1014 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade-Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes cooking and cleaning, while men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. They were shipped from Africa by the Europeans, quot;The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Tradequot;. This was an organized route where†¦show more content†¦The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. Slavery in the middle of the 1800s was abolished except for the rebellion states in the south. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states that had rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. The nightmare of slavery was over but a new one was to begin. One that was worse for it was prevalent but was secret and silent. One that exists today. One that does not shrink but rather grows. Racism was and is still upon us. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Ku Klux Klan has been around since the end of the civil war. It is a roller coaster of a history. From extreme power, to rapid decline, and slow reemergence. The clan, who is notorious for its violence, has a relatively innocent beginning. It was formed from some veterans from the confederate army and was first called the Kuklos Clan which, in Greek, meant Circle Clan. One person thought it would be a good idea to call it the quot;Ku Klux Klanquot; as a parody of the fraternity names which always had three Greek alphabet letters in it. They created the Clan to be mischievous and to do it without anyone knowing who they were which accounts for their costumes and masks. They, like mostShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of America And America1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1619, there was a Dutch ship that arrived in America to trade for food. But instead of an object, such as silk or wine, they were trading humans. These humans were Africans who were not treated as normal human beings, but as if they were just an object or animal. On their voyage over to America, all the slaves were crammed into the lower part of the ship. They were forbidden to move and had to remain lying down for the entire voyage. For those on the ship to be sure the slaves were not causingRead MoreSlavery in America941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America Does anyone know who really started slavery? Slavery first took place in North America, 1619 at a British colony of Jamestown Virginia† (Boles, John). This caused slavery to spread throughout the American colonies. Slavery had a huge impact on America and still does till this day. Slavery was nothing new when it came to America. It’s been going on since before the 1400’s.†Slavery had existed in Europe from classical times and did not disappear with the collapse of the Roman Empire†Read MoreSlavery in America1124 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows that slavery in America was a difficult time for African Americans. But do people truly understand how hard it was for the African American female slaves? Harriet Jacobs goes into detail about her life as a slave and gives the female perspective under the alias Linda Brent in the novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She states that everything she says in the book is completely true. There are stereo types of black women during this time: being looked upon as sexual objects andRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And The Colonization Of America941 Words   |  4 PagesProblem of Slavery Introduction The slavery is a relationship established between two individuals and involves the complete and absolute control of each other. Usually, this domain is established from the force, becoming the slave of an object or possession of the owner, so you end up losing not only their freedom but also their humanity and dignity being. The cases of slavery in the history of humanity are many and are always imbued with very bloody and very violent stories as they pose most absoluteRead MoreSlavery in America743 Words   |  3 Pagestrees along the riverbank were bent with swinging corpses – a grisly warning to others dreaming of liberty. Other planters resisted emancipation more legalistically, stubbornly protesting that slavery was lawful until state legislatures or the Supreme Court declared otherwise. For many slaves the shackles of slavery were not struck off in a mighty single blow but had to be broken link by link. Prodded by the bayonets of Yankee armies all masters were eventually forced to recognize their slaves’Read MoreSlavery in America Art1205 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated, but ultimately the Civil War surrounded the legality of slavery in America. Everyone knows that Abraham Lincoln ended the ability to legally own slaves, therefore freeing slaves. Before Abraham Lincoln ended slavery, many slaves found freedom for themselves by running away to the northern states where slavery was illegal. Eastman Johnson, an American painter of the nineteenth century, depicts an African-American family fleeing slavery during the Civil War in his oil-painting titled A Ride to LibertyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On America1353 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery in America had a tight hold over the southern half. It was primarily located in the southern portion and African American slaves were held on large plantations and out in the fields. Some were even leased into the industrializing fa ctories. Ever since slavery in America started, slaves were considered property. Every black person was a white persons â€Å"property†. Now American had a belief, a belief that every man were entitled to God-given rights. The rights could not be stripped fromRead MoreSlavery And The Making Of America1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe film â€Å"Slavery and The Making Of America† covered the beginning of American slavery in the British colonies until the end of slavery in the southern states and post-civil war reconstruction. This film shows viewers remarkable stories of individual slaves, providing new perspectives on how unjust the slaves experiences were, and besides all the trouble they were facing still having to survive and shape their own lives. The British colonies in North America had an abundance of land and a scarcityRead MoreThe History of Slavery in the Americas732 Words   |  3 Pageswork very hard on plantations and in mines. In the early 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as an inexpensive, harder labored source, much better than indentured servants (who were mostly poor Europeans). In 1619, a Dutch ship brought 20 African Americans to the British colonies of Jamestown, Virginia, Charleston, and mostly any other big cities on the cost. Slavery spread throughout the American colonies pretty fast. It is impossible to give an exact number,Read MoreThe Issue of Slavery in America1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe North and South -1820 to 1850 The period between 1820s to the 1850s and eve beyond was majorly dominated by the concern about the issue of slavery in America. This was the talk of the time with some advocating for the free will to do with the slaves as they wanted yet others advocating for the total ban on slavery as well as slave trade within the USA. It is worth noting that the North was more of an industrial region and yet he south was more of agricultural region. This was the economic

Katrina Possisble Solutions Free Essays

Possible Solutions to prevent another Hurricane Katrina Sea gates are another option that have proven very affective in other areas of the world such as Holland, Britain, and Venice, which is also below sea level and has a large number of canals. Sea gates are simply giant air-filled walls that cut off water flow. These gates would most likely be placed on Lake Pontchartrain’s two narrow outlets and would be only be closed if a storm was approaching. We will write a custom essay sample on Katrina Possisble Solutions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such structures have been considered since the 1960’s, but the idea was crushed in the late 1970’s because people feared the gates would disrupt marine life and sediment transportation. However this should not be an issue since the gates are open the majority of the time. The main hurdle is cost, ranging from $500 million to 1 billion Closing or covering certain canals is an option that would help prevent storm surges from reaching so far inland. Currently canals and channels can give storm surge direct access to inland neighborhoods. The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet [MRGO] is one of the canals that has caused major problems in the past. Where MRGO meets the Intracoastal Waterway there is a major area of funneling. The two fronts met at a narrowing point that forms the Industrial Canal and the water height is amplified 20-40%, putting intense pressure on floodwalls causing them to burst. After Hurricane Katrina hit the narrow strip of wetlands between MRGO and Lake Borgne got even smaller, bringing to reality the fear that the two waters might merge into one. MRGO has less than five ships navigating its channel per day; often times only one ship uses the outlet. MRGO has also amplified the wetland loss in the area, allowing salt water to intrude and kill off native vegetation. By keeping only heavily used channels open and turning the rest into trails or parks, flood damage could be reduced. Adding a subterranean drainage system to the city is another idea that engineers have come up with. This would include turning some canals into culverts (covering them with trails and parks) and then having heavy duty pumps (located on high ground) to pump the water fully out of the city. The culverts would help channel the water and get it out quickly in times of flood. This is a simple technology, but it is costly running about $1 million per mile of canal. Moving the pumping stations is a relatively simple way to help prevent New Orleans from being overwhelmed. Installing heavy-duty pumping stations on high ground or in areas where they can act as damn-like buffers would allow water to be pumped out even when the city is overwhelmed. During Hurricane Katrina, once the pumping stations were flooded the low areas just continued to rise in water level. Wetland rehabilitation is another plan that could help protect New Orleans from storm surge. Wetlands act as natural barriers against wind-driven waters, but wetlands are being destroyed by saltwater intrusion everyday. Hand planting is very costly and time consuming, making it hard to implement. Source: http://www. uwec. edu/jolhm/eh3/group7/futureneworleans. htm How to cite Katrina Possisble Solutions, Papers

E-learning Activity of Ford and Taylorism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the E-learning activities that have a significant relevance in the Operational Scenario in a number of Organizations. Answer: Ford and Taylorism (Week 1 Activity 1) The key ideas you have extracted from the Ford and Taylorism e-learning activity show that a complex work can be divided into a number of simpler and smaller work so that the productivity of the workers can be enhanced. The introduction of the Taylorism model gave rise to the mass production model which enabled workers to produce maximum output at a fast pace. In the prevailing work scenario, workers in Australia, America or Europe would not accept the Taylorism in this form since it basically focuses on maximizing production efficiency by reducing the skill application (Adenle, Stevens Bridgewater, 2015). In these technological and innovative times, when competition is intense, the workers would be unwilling to adopt the working model since it would keep their skill-set and knowledge stagnant. The Taylorism model could be of use in designing of scripts for their application in call centres but to a limited extent. There would be scope to categorize the operational process in a call centre on the basis of the knowledge, expertise and role of the employees by adopting the Taylorism scientific management model. This work model would be useful in a few industries where the work can be divided into smaller parts so that the productivity and output could be increased. The basic principles of scientific management that have been highlighted are replacing the rule of thumb method with the scientific model to enhance efficiency, matching workers with specific job role based on their caliber and skills, monitoring work performance and allocating work between supervisors and subordinates so that the supervisors and managers can train workers to perform their task efficiently (Covino Boccia, 2014). The e-learning activity on Ford and Taylorism is even useful in the Management and organizational aspect in a global environment, since there are a number of industries such as the automobile and computer manufacturing, etc that have a routine work and thus the scientific management model plays a crucial role to enhance the efficiency of the organizational performance. Even in industries like the hospital industry and the restaurant industry, one can observe that the Taylorism scientific model is used to simplify and enhance the work process within the organization. Google organization uses this model to increase the productivity of its employees which is sometimes referred as digital Taylorism. The working model basically encourages its employees to increase their efficiency so that they can earn more and increase the profitability of the business concern (Deresky, 2017). Thus it can be rightly stated that Taylors scientific management theories which have developed over a century ag o are still relevant in some of the modern workplace (Daft Marcic, 2016). Definition of Culture (Week 3 Activity 2) The Organizational culture comprises of a number of things such as work atmosphere, tolerance level, compensation model, behavior, etc. Most people have a different definition of the term, for some the organizational culture refers to the consistent and observable design of behavior that is reflected by the people that operate inside it. While for some employees it is something that is highly influenced by the incentive structure that is followed by the concern including both monetary and non-monetary rewards (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Generally, peoples definition of culture varies due to their unique outlook towards business, its operations, and other elements that come into play in the organizational set-up. The culture that is represented in an organization keeps on changing based on the set of internal and external elements that operate in the organizational environment. The definition of organizational culture by Robbie Katanga seems most apt since he defines it as how organizations do things (Sderbaum Granit, 2014). This definition is itself very vast since it includes behavior of employees and management, organizational structure, work processes as well as the incentive system. Since all these functions have an impact on the culture of an organization, it is a suitable yet simple definition. The key ideas that have been reflected in the specific e-learning activity show that the intangible organization culture is a strong and invisible element that has a strong influencing power on the performance of an undertaking. One of the business organizations that has a strong and motivation culture is Amazon Inc. The culture adopted by it facilitates its capacity to effectively respond to the demands of the e-retail market (Weihrich, 2013). The corporate culture adopted at Amazon motivates its employees to go much beyond the conventional limits so that their team can design best ideas and solutions. The success of Amazon e-commerce business can be contributed to its killer organizational culture since it allows the business to pioneer in new and unique spaces. The organizational culture adopted by any business concern has a high significance in the management and organizational scenario in the global environment since it plays a key role to turn a simple business into a business giant (Waters Rinsler, 2014). The case of Amazon Inc is the most suitable example that shows that its unique organizational culture allows the concern to focus on its customers at all times so that the best offering can be developed for them. Conclusion A number of vital topics have been covered including Taylorism scientific management model and organizational culture which have a significant impact on the management and organizational scenario in the global environment. These specific e-learning activities have been selected since they have a strong influence on the performance and productivity of a concern. The scientific management theory is still applicable in a number of organizational scenarios where the operations can be moulded to enhance the efficiency of the employees and workers. Thus the topic has been selected. Similarly, organizational culture has a vital bearing on the professionalism and performance of the employees which in return affects the performance of an undertaking. References Adenle, A.A., Stevens, C. and Bridgewater, P., 2015. Global conservation and management of biodiversity in developing countries: An opportunity for a new approach. Environmental Science Policy, 45, pp.104-108. Covino, D. and Boccia, F., 2014. Environmental management and global trade's effects. Calitatea, 15(138), p.79. Deresky, H., 2017. International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Daft, R.L. and Marcic, D., 2016. Understanding management. Nelson Education. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Sderbaum, F. and Granit, J., 2014. The political economy of regionalism: the relevance for international waters and the Global Environment Facility. Weihrich, H., 2013. Management: A global, innovative, and entrepreneurial perspective. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014. Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers.

Investment Analysis Exam Paper free essay sample

In the standard deviation and expected return space, the mean-variance combination line is convex while the indifference curve is concave. (c). The variance of portfolio with equal proportions of n assets tends to zero as n ?. (d). For portfolios of many assets, it is not possible to reduce the risk to zero. (e). None of the above. 3. Consider a portfolio of one risky asset and one risk-free asset. Which of the following statements is correct? (a). the correlation between the two assets is not zero. (b). the combination line will be a straight line only if the correlation coef? cient equals -1 or +1. (c). he combination line will be a straight line. (d). the combination line will not be a straight line. (e). none of the above. 4. In the Single Factor Model, you can best measure the contribution that an individual stock makes to the variance of a well diversi? ed portfolio by the stock’s: (a). We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Analysis Exam Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Variance (b). Correlation coef? cient. (c). Residual variance. (d). Systematic risk. (e). None of the above. 2 E(rP ) A ? X Y ? C ? (rP ) Z B? F IGURE 1. The MVS for assets X, Y and Z, where B is the global minimum variance portfolio. Refer to Figure 1 for questions 5-7 5. Which of the following statements is correct? (a). Without short-selling, you can select portfolio A. (b). All the weights of portfolio C are always positive. (c). All the weights of portfolio A must be positive. (d). It must be the case that some short selling is being permitted. (e). None of the above. 6. Rational investors would prefer (a). Portfolio A. (b). Portfolio B. (c). The portfolios represented along the curve starting at B and passing through A. (d). Portfolio located anywhere on the MVS. 7. With short-selling is allowed, (a). Both A and X are ef? cient (b). Both A and C are inef? cient (c). Both A and X are ef? cient (d). Both C and X are inef? ient 8. Which of the following statements is correct? (a). With short-selling, portfolios made up of the minimum variance portfolios will always be on the MVS. (b). The MVS of many assets is bounded. (c). With short-selling, some of the assets must be located on their MVS. (d). Without short-selling, all assets are always located on their MVS. (e). None of the above. 3 9. The following table lists the expected returns and standard deviation of returns for ? ve assets. Assume an investor must invest all of his/her money in one of the assets. Â µi ? i Asset 1 0. 05 0. 25 Asset 2 0. 10 0. 25 Asset 3 0. 5 0. 30 Asset 4 0. 16 0. 45 Asset 5 0. 17 0. 32 Which of the following statements is true? (a). Asset 3 is inef? cient; (b). Asset 1 is ef? cient; (c). A non-satiated, risk-averse investor could possibly choose Asset 4 depending on the parameters of his/her utility function; (d). A non-satiated, risk-averse investor could possibly choose Asset 2 depending on the parameters of his/her utility function; (e). None of the above 10. Under the standard assumptions of the Single Factor Model ri = ? i +? i rm +oi , how many parameters do you need to estimate in order to construct the MVS of 20 risky assets? Assume the expected return and the variance of the market return rm are given. (a). 420. (b). 200. (c). 61. (d). 60. (e). None of the above. 4 PART II Question 1 The following table gives the expected returns and standard deviations of returns for two securities: Â µi ? i Security 1 0. 10 0. 08 Security 2 0. 20 0. 3 Assume correlation ? 1,2 = ? 0. 5. (1). Calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the global MVP, G. (2). Draw the combination line for these two securities and indicate the portfolio G, the ef? cient portfolios and the inef? cient portfolios. (3). Find the weights and standard deviation of the portfolio with an expected return of 25%. Do you need to sell-short? Question 2 Consider a market containing three risky securities. Suppose the vector of expected returns E(r) and the variance-covariance matrix ? and its inverse variance-covariance matrix 1 are given by ? ? ? ? ? ? 100 0 0 0. 01 0 0 0. 1 0. 04 ? 0. 02? , 1 = ? 0 31. 25 12. 5? . E(r) = ? 0. 15? , ? = ? 0 0 12. 5 25 0 ? 0. 02 0. 05 0. 2 (1). Formulate the Markowitz problem for a portfolio of the three risky securities with a target return of 16% and obtain the ? rst order conditions. Note: you are not required to solve the problem. (2). Compute the values of the scalars A, B, C and ?. (3). Find the expected return and standard deviation of the MVP. Find the standard deviations of the two minimum variance portfolios P1 and P2 with E(rP1 ) = 10% and E(rP2 ) = 25%. (4). Draw a rough sketch of the MVS and the asymptotes in the mean-standard deviation space. Your diagram should indicate the positions of P1 , P2 and the MVP. Without short-selling, is it possible to construct an optimal portfolio with an expected return of 25%? Explain why? 5 Question 3 Note: You may use your answers from Question 2 to answer this question. Consider portfolios containing the three risky securities in the previous question (Question 2) together with a risk-free security paying rF = 0. 05. (1) Verify that 1 = I. (2) Find the standard deviations of the two minimum variance portfolios P3 and P4 with E(rP3 ) = 10% and E(rP4 ) = 25%. Find the mean and standard deviation of the tangency portfolio T . (3) Draw a rough sketch to indicate the tangency relation between the MVS with and without the risk-free asset and locate P3 and P4 on the MVS. Are they ef? cient or inef? cient? (4) For the minimum variance portfolios with the expected returns of 10% and 25%, do you bene? from investing in both the risky assets and the risk-free asset in compare with investing in the risky assets only? If so, what are the bene? ts? Question 4 Suppose a single-factor model (SFM) has been ? t to the returns of Stocks A and B as follows: rA = 0. 02 + rM + oA rB = 0. 01 + 0. 8rM + oB . Suppose further that the expected return and standard deviation of the market return is 2 Â µM = 0. 1, ? M = 0. 20, and that the R-square statistics for the two stocks are RA = 0. 8 2 and RB = 0. 9, respectively. Now answer the following questions: (a) What are the total risks and unsystematic risks for the two stocks? b) What is the correlation between the returns of the two stocks?

The Enlightened Views of J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Essays

The Enlightened Views of J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Essays The Enlightened Views of J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Paper The Enlightened Views of J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Paper Essay Topic: Letters From an american Farmer Letters from an American Farmer is an excellent example of how a New World American thinks about the many changes occurring and that have occurred during the era of Enlightenment. Crevecoeur’s essay is an enlightened perspective that shows how the people of that time are feeling about being a part of the new world and its current workings. Although the writer is originally from Normandy, and later Canada, he seems to truly grasp the changes in American society and how vastly different it is from Europe. Crevecoeur explains that America is a literal melting pot for people of all religions. He states that â€Å"the Americans become as to religion what they are as a country, allied to all†. When Crevecoeur describes the religions of the nation he makes note of the fact that even if the people of a certain â€Å"sect† do not practice the same religion as the newcomers, that â€Å"neither the government nor any other power interferes†, showing the great tolerance that America has for all. The â€Å"indifference† of America is quite different from the way society is in Europe during the 1700-1800’s. During the Enlightenment the people of America appear to come to the realization that although religions may be different in some ways, they are also similar in others. The social class divisions in America during the Enlightenment are also quite different than that of Europe. â€Å"It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who posses everything, and of a herd of people who have nothing†. During the period of enlightenment the people of America came to realize that if they work hard enough that what they earn is for them to keep. There are no Kings or Dictators ruling the lower class. There is a huge amount of personal and financial freedom to be gained in American during this time. Crevecoeur states that â€Å"each person works for himself†. American became a class-less society during the Enlightenment period where each individual was allowed as much room to grow as needed. The Enlightenment was a period of much intellectual and social growth. The way the American people looked at the world around them had changed. During the Enlightenment the American people started to believe that all men were free people, that religion and science go hand in hand, and that the government didn’t have to be in complete control to still be effective. America became a very fair and equal country where the poor could prosper and â€Å"receive ample reward from the fruits of their labors†.

Champion Of The World English Literature Essay

Champion Of The World English Literature Essay Throughout the years, sports have become a major part of society. It has been known to bring out the best and worst of people. People usually go after a team from their home town or teams with the same ethnic background. It has often been learned that, from this, language barriers begin to cross each other, and prejudices develop. Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Champion of the World† is much more than a chapter in a book. It represents much more than a boxing victory. During the 1930’s, people of ethnic groups, especially Blacks, were not worth much. When Angelou stated, â€Å"Champion of the world. A Black boy. Some Black mother’s son.† (Paragraph 27), this defined struggle. This battle against the White Contender was not your ordinary victory. The victory would exemplify the Blacks, not only defeating a White man and it being okay, but also would portray an aspect of Blacks defeating the system. For once in their lives, it gave African Americans a sense of empowerment. This was their first step of defense, where no repercussions would be taken in exchange for victory. â€Å"If Joe lost we were back in slavery and beyond help. † â€Å"My race groaned. It was our people falling†. (Paragraphs 16 and 17).[Reference?] These two quotes represent struggle and years of pain. They knew what it was like to experience violence first hand. It was not a myth nor story they heard about, they felt the pain on a daily basis. Not only would this defeat be a lost for Louis, but it would represent defeat to the entire Black culture. If this were to happen, Maya Angelou said it herself, Blacks were helpless. To them, it was back to torture, inferiority, pain, and suffering. To the Whites it would be accomplishment, defeat, superiority, and power. As stated before, this defeat was a mere symbol of Blacks regaining strength after all they had been through over the years; however, this did not defeat the purpose that racism still existed. In the last paragraph of this chapter in the book, it talked about the precautions Blacks would have to take after the victory of Joe Louis. Even though Louis’ defeat against the White Contender gave him the title as â€Å"Heavy Weight Champion of the World†, it also was now a risk for Blacks. Mentioned earlier, at the time, racism still existed. Racism is prejudice plus power: meaning, because the Whites had prejudice against any other ethnic group, and they possessed a power that came from the simple privilege of being White. If at any time Whites felt disrespected, they had the â€Å"right† to reprimand them at any cost. This is only portion of the violence occurring in and around 1930. In the opening paragraph of this paper, it gives the introductory opinion. Over the years, sports have become the core to many people in society. It can either better a person and/or society or worsen them. In other words, a person can look at competitiveness at a positive or neg ative approach. As far as positive competitiveness is concerned, it can be looked upon to better a person. It can also be detrimental, literally speaking. Too many times in society today, people take sports to the extreme. There has been many instances where people have even lost their lives as a result of a bet on the victory of a game, or even the preference one has over the other. Sports have an immense influence over culture and society then and now. For example, the victory of Joe Louis was more than a victory. It was symbolic to the African American culture and society. It gave them pride, and for many who have never experienced anything like this, it was a first. This is only one example of the influence sports have on culture.

Case study 4-2 Virtually There Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4-2 Virtually There - Case Study Example Therefore the patients are able to draw on the knowledge of a lot of doctors. These doctors positioned in other locations can be acquainted with modern treatments or can have a new look on the treatment alternatives. The scenario outlines a real-time corporate shared data network. In this scenario, some of the other communication technology based facilities can comprise electronic repositories, electronic collaboration systems and video teleconferencing. In this answer I will present the possible ideas and suggestions which can be adopted by Dr. Esserman in order to successfully manage this virtual team. In order to successfully manage such team we need to take care of some the issues and areas, which are: (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Laudon & Laudon, 1999) Privacy/security: How will the privacy of patient’s data and information records are maintained? In a world which is more and more concerned with privacy, the privacy of patient records have to be addressed. Liability: Recognizing the extensive issues for medical malpractice, who will take the responsibility for problem cases? The students can react to physician who provides help as the preliminary point of contact; however it cannot be probable to consequently carefully restrict liability. Compensation: How will the project team associates be rewarded for their participation? For the team to effort over a long term, a number of systems will require to be planed to recompense the physicians for their time. As the quality of their contribution will carry on being significant for these virtual teams, there requires being a number of drivers for the physicians’ participation. Communication: How will the important data and information are communicated to the patient? Who will be accountable for up-holding the communication technology? Students can be worried about how the responsive information has to be

Incentive Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incentive Plan - Assignment Example During the period 2001-2005 which was considered the worst period for airlines it still made money on each and every year. A key to its success is keeping its planes full by capturing enough flying passengers. However, there is one other key aspect of its success that is rarely talked about and that is its incentive plan for its employees. Southwest Airlines has an outstanding corporate culture that encourages all its employees to render extra services to make flying with them a satisfactory experience. The founder of Southwest Airlines, Mr. Herb Kelleher, attributes the airline’s success to its unique culture that is intangible and hard to imitate by its competitors. It is this spirit of competitiveness that has propelled the airline forward to continuous profits over the years. In this regard, the airline adopts the total rewards style of management that recognizes employee performance (Jenses, McMullen & Stark, 2007, p. 61). The management uses incentive plans so that it gets employee buy-in and total commitment to its corporate objectives. The purpose of the program is to attract and retain top talent. Southwest Airlines has one of the longest hiring policies that lasts up to about six weeks through a series of tests and interviews to make sure that prospective employees fit into its fun culture termed as â€Å"LUV† as hiring managers emphasize work attitudes more than work skills. Once hired, employees are expected to help keep costs down so the airline will remain profitable despite its low fares. A reason why Southwest is profitable is because its employees are very productive, using a ratio of passengers per employee (Southwest: 2,400:1, United: 1,175:1 & Continental: 1,125:1). All employees of Southwest Airlines are eligible for its incentive plan which is profit-sharing. In fact, the firm implemented the first

Pip and Magwitch Essay Example for Free

Pip and Magwitch Essay Throughout the novel Great Expectations the reader will find that Magwitch plays a significant role to the plot of story. Not only does Dickens use Magwitch to form the main foundation of the story he also uses the character to convey Dickenss view on important themes such as crime, punishment, social status and betrayal. In this presentation I will explore the ways in which Magwitch is presented and talk about and his significance in the novel. We are first introduced to Magwitch in chapter one. The reader becomes familiar with the character Pip; we learn he is a child who is alone in the graveyard and is mourning over the death of his family. The reader knows that not only would this upset Pip, it could make him feel frightened because as a child you are dependant on your family members to keep you safe. He makes it sound as if Pip was recalling what it felt like to be a child, like when we get the impression that he could have been exaggerating about wilderness and so on before him. An image is described, such as the low leaden line beyond and this then is revealed as what it actually is; the river. This gives the effect that not only Pip is confused and lost by his surroundings but also and therefore scared and intimidated by them. Dickens delivers Pips emotions cleverly because there is no direct reference to how he is feeling at first. This is very good building up to the shock of first meeting Magwitch. The writer uses direct speech for his first words, which come out suddenly, at no particular starting point and with impression that they are loud! He says Hold your noise. which sounds at first so abrupt it could be almost like he is trying to save Pip, that he fears for Pip too. We then read on to see how Magwitch is presented physically. He is wet and muddy, and is described as being stung by nettles, so he obviously does not look after himself properly. He is shivering and limping, so he may be unwell as well as cold. His shoes are broken and he has no hat or proper clothes which shows he cannot afford them. He has a very informal way of speaking, and is eager to see the scrap of food he finds on Pip, so this also shows that he is poor and working class. This could be because, or the results of being a criminal. The first chapter is important; we now know exactly what Magwitch looks like and how he is presented. As mentioned in the introduction, Magwitch is significant in the plot. The fact that he appears in the very first chapter makes us assume he is a main character, even though he does not reappear until later in the book when the reader either has completely forgotten about him or thinks it is very unlikely that he will appear again with the current story line, especially as at the end of chapter three it says the last I ever heard of him. When he does make his unexpected reappearance in Chapter thirty-nine, he reveals news that causes him to become the centre of almost every aspect of the story line. By the end of Chapter fifty-four and when mysteries are revealed and loose ends tied we come to realise that Magwitch is somehow connected to every character. Pip, obviously because of the money he gives that cause him to become wealthy and middle-class. His lost past with Molly and Estella, his daughter, who was adopted by Miss Haversham. Also he is connected to Joe because it was his whittles and file he used to set him free. Perhaps he is connected to Mrs Joe because he murdered her. When Magwitch dies during chapter fifty-six, it impacts the plot and the characters, especially Pip. Magwitch influences other characters, especially Pip and sometimes they influence him too. Had it not been for Magwitch the way people behaved may have been very different! We do not know much about Pip before he meets Magwitch, but afterwards we find him to be cautious, for example how nervous he was when he meets Miss Haversham. This could have been a lasting effect from his fears upon first meeting Magwitch. Pip may have been so shocked by the way that the poor lived that he becomes even more determined to become a gentleman. It gave him an insight to the lives of the very poor. In chapter three Magwitch seems to wait all night just for the food Pip has brought him. Pip may have recognised his determination and perhaps used this will when he is seeking Estella as his wife later during the book. Magwitch may have been so grateful towards Pip that it made him feel like he should try and become a better person. Both Pip and Magwitch taught each other that you should not always be judgmental. For Pip, it was that he was at first very afraid of Magwitch and thought he was going to be scary. Later on he realises that he only was behaving in a threatening way because he was hungry and desperate for food.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy I think being a teacher is one of the most interesting positions there are because you are able to see children grow and learn from day to day. You are able to help them reach understanding of curriculum that they had never heard of before. Also when you get tied up in all the stresses of life, children help you stay young mentally by their care free child world of play, laughter, and smiles. I love to be around children because they are full of life, comical, unpredictable, and help you to be more positive through life’s twists and turns. I desire to be a teacher so I can help children reach their highest potential and encourage them to keep reaching higher. I want to be able to teach children in an interesting, fun, and progressive way. I plan to be a teacher of eclecticism because I feel in order to help children be well rounded individuals we need to give them a well rounded education, that is one structured with various activities. First, I want to teach from some aspects of the progressivism style which focuses on respect for individuality, high regard for science, and learning from experience. I want to teach the children in my classroom to have respect for each other. This is a quality that will help them to be successful in society because if they respect others, then others will have respect for them. Having respect for others also shows that they have respect for themselves. I also want children to learn by hands-on activities. I will direct them from step to step and demonstrate how to do each step in the activities they perform. These activities make learning more interesting for the children because the children are able to get involved instead of just always watching the teacher do everything. Speaking of the children getting involved, they can really get involved when learning in a different atmosphere when on field trips. I feel taking children on field trips is an effective learning experience for them because it allows children to get out of the classroom setting and learn from a different perspective. In addition I want to focus on sciences because they are an important area in the knowledge of children. I think this growing area of our society should be focused on thoroughly because science advances and improves everyday and I feel children should be aware of their changing world.

Plato Knowledge Essay

Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics Reading Questions (1) In the Meno, Plato argued that it was impossible for us to learn something genuinely new: if you know x, you needn’t inquire about x, and if you don’t know x, you won’t recognize it when you find it. Thus, Plato argued, all learning is really recollection. Aristotle is trying to give a different answer to the Meno problem, one that doesn’t involve reincarnating or Platonic Forms. What is it? Aristotle argues that knowledge must be displayed in the demonstrative structure of a science. (2) How – and why – does Aristotle distinguish things â€Å"prior and better known to us† from things â€Å"prior and better known by nature? He distinguishes things â€Å"prior and better known to us† from things â€Å"prior and better known by nature† in Posterior Analytics. What is better known to us versus what is known by nature is not the same thing because what is known to us is affected by our perception. Whereas we have what is prior and better known by nature which is furthest from perception (particular vs universal is how he describes such. He proves we will result in Plato’s theory in the Meno of confirming what we already know or learning nothing at all if we fail to distinguish between the two. (3) Why does Aristotle deny that everything can be demonstrated? Aristotle denies that not everything can be demonstrated. Those of which whom allow circular demonstration (i. e: If A, then B, then A must equal C. ) are reiterating that in conclusion, A is A at all times. This method can be used to prove anything because we are not considering the distinctive properties of each factor. Also, concluding that the results are not deduction nor relevant to the things assumed. (4) Can you explain Aristotle’s claim that â€Å"perception produces the universal in us†? How does this explain how something indemonstrable can be known? Aristotle claims that â€Å"perception produces the universal in us† it describes that we have prior knowledge of a subject that is a commonly accepted idea until one of the factors from that subject proves otherwise. It is not to say that because one takes a stand that all others will do as well but through reasoning we can come to a paradigm shift that accepts the new theory. It would not need to be demonstrated then but simply understood and accepted amongst the community. (5) Plato would agree with Aristotle that we can know x in virtue of having demonstrated that x. But he would disagree with Aristotle’s account of how indemonstrable can be known. Why, and what would he say instead? Plato would disagree with Aristotle’s account of how indemonstrable can be known because where he understood universals as forms, Aristotle believes universals are generalizations from particulars.

Technologies are important and helpful in everyone’s life Essay

Computers help people to do such things or tasks easily and faster. Technology has a systematic and organized way of keeping data records, computing numbers, accomplishing a lot of transactions and reports. A system of a library is made to have a fast process of transactions for searching book titles, borrowing books, returning books, computing penalties and generating an accurate report. Aguilar Catholic School, High school department is located at Poblacion Aguilar, Pangasinan. It is a religious school and the religion of all the students and staffs is Roman Catholic and their library is open for them. It has a collection of books, magazines, journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias and other reading materials. The library is still using a card catalogues in searching books and the librarian is still using manual transaction for borrowing, returning and generating reports. Using a manual process is a hard work and because of it the librarian is having a problem to serve each students and faculties who wish to use the library. Aguilar Catholic School is using a record book to track borrowed books from the library. The librarian will write down the book being borrowed, borrower, book information, date borrowed and the date returned. A penalty is given to the borrower if he/she loses the book; the due date of returning of the book has ended. The penalty for losing a book depends on the amount of the book and if the borrower returned the book after its due date the penalty is 10 pesos. The proponent observed a lot of errors occurring in their manual system. The librarian is having difficulty working in the library and the borrowers are having difficulty in searching the book. General Objective The general objective of this project is to develop and implement a LAN base library system with barcode for Aguilar Catholic School to improve their processes and operations that will make transactions and the generation of reports accurate, fast and easy. Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the project are the following: * To design a prototype that will be easy to navigate interface * To develop a library system that will encourage students to use the library as the main source of information. * To develop a system that will be secured by applying user ID and password so that authorized persons can only access the important tasks. * To develop a system that will make use of barcode scanner, thus remove the filling up of different forms, for more rapidly borrowing and returning transactions. * To develop a system that will make cataloguing simpler. * To develop a system that will make searching of the available books and other reference materials in the library easy for the students. * To make a system that will make inventory of books and other reference materials reduce time consuming. * To develop a system that will produce accurate annual and quarterly statistical reports fast. * To test and evaluate the acceptability of the system in terms of functionality, reliability, usability and so on by gathering feedback from prospective users and technical experts. * Scope of the Project Since Aguilar Catholic School doesn’t have any computerized system, the scope of the project will include the system will make use of the barcode technology so the students and employees will only have to use their IDs when making a transaction, which is more convenient. The project include; the following features: Easy to navigate Interface; capability to search for the available title, author and subject of the book; compute the fine of the book when it is overdue; Inventory of books and other reference materials; and the generation of reports that they are making which are annual and quarterly statistical reports. The project will include student, employee’s alumni ledger, which will list all the reference materials that they borrowed. The report for the list of unreturned books will also be included in the project. For the students to search about the availability of books and other reference materials inside the library the researchers will include a LAN-based Public Access Catalog. All information covered within the system is in accordance with the existing book references within the library of the school. The system will only be implemented in the secondary library of Aguilar Catholic School. The system is LAN-based; it can only be accessed inside the campus. * List of Deliverables * User Manual It contains guide and associated images in how program should look like document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system, the proponents will provide a booklet that can guide them in how the system works. * Training Plan Training Plan is to define the strategies, tasks, and methods that will be used to meet the training requirements, the proponents will train the users and explain to them how the system works. The proponents will also observe and gather data while the users are using the new system. * Deployment Plan. Deployment Plan defines how software will be implemented into the organization that will access deployed applications, the proponents will make sure that the system will work properly and it will satisfy the company before letting them to use it, In the deployment plan the proponents will have to use SQL server for the database, cables for connection, barcode scanner, printer and computers for the LAN-based Public Access Catalog and for the workstations of the librarian. * Maintenance Plan It is plan that defines rate and scope of corrective and preventative maintenance for applications or software. Corrective maintenance is a reactive modification of a software product performed after delivery to correct discovered problems, Maintenance Plans are also sometimes known as Standard Operating Procedures. The procedures the proponents will be doing are Recovery Plan and Backup, Recovery plans contain detailed instructions for returning services to a working state. Backup plan or the process of backing up refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to bring back the original after a data loss event that may be due to failure or unintentionally deleted or corrupted file. CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SYSTEM Review of Existing System 0 Manual Library System Of Aguilar Catholic School Borrower Borrower Borrowers Info Book Borrowed Library card Library card Book Info Returned Book Fine info Librarian Newly acquired Books Librarian Penalty Info Reports Figure 1 Context Diagram of Existing System Figure 1 shows the general flow of the existing system within the Library of Roosevelt College. It includes different entities namely: Borrower and Librarian. An also It includes different inputs and outputs. Input are Borrowers info, library card, book info returned book, newly acquired books. Outputs are borrowed book, library card fine info, penalty info, reports. Figure 2. Diagram 0 of Existing System Figure 2 show the detail data process of existing system. First transaction begins with the borrower. Strengths * Manual system can still function without electricity. * A lesser amount of electrical equipment * Users are more familiar with the manual system Weaknesses * time-consuming transactions * Inaccurate information of students and books * Space occupied by the card catalog cabinet and steel drawers. Opportunities * Increase number of enrollees * Increase number that utilized library. * Make faster and accurate transaction using computerized system Threats * Users are not familiar with the computerized system * Computerized system cannot function without electricity * Increase in expenditures, especially in electricity * Files can be corrupted by malware and viruses REVIEW OF RELATED SYSTEMS The UE Library System is a network of eleven libraries, with the Main Library in the Manila Campus as the biggest. There are separate libraries for the Graduate School, CPA Review School, the Colleges of Law, Dentistry and Engineering, the Laboratory Schools and the Archives, as well as special rooms for audiovisual services. There are two libraries in the Caloocan campus, the main library which is the Benjamin G. Chua Jr. Library and one for the College of Engineering. The Main Library in Manila is the hub of the entire system of libraries in the campus. It is the largest among the libraries in the system. It has sections for Circulation, Reserve, CCSS Library, Acquisitions, Cataloging, Reference, Filipiniana, and Periodicals, which are housed on the second, third and fourth floors of the POD-CIT Building. Bibliographic access to the library collections is through the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) terminals available in all the libraries. An Online Public Access Catalog or OPAC is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and other material physically located at a library. Users can search by inputting keywords and filter by subject, title, author and sometimes publisher and ISBN number. Additional filter may be according to the type of material, for example if it is a book, journal, magazine, thesis, newspaper, etc. Another filter is by location, if the library system is composed of several libraries like in University of the East. In the proposed system, the proponents will adopt the features similar to OPAC, but it will just be LAN-based. The student’s employees and alumni may search for the information and availability of the book according to the subject, title author, etc. and may choose to filter it by selecting the type of resource material. They may see if the book is on-shelf or not. Students and other borrowers may also use it for easy reference in making bibliography for their researches. University of San Carlos has a computerized library system. The main function of their library system is to correct information. Fast transaction and process in borrowing library materials, the services responsive to the needs of all university sectors relative curriculum and research. They are using barcode technology and swiping I. D in such an easy way to borrow and return book. Their library system has an easy to navigate feature and provide accurate reports such as user statistical report, inventory of book, list of book borrowed, penalty for the month, year, list of book per section etc. In the proposed system, the proponents will adopt the features similar to barcode technology and easy to navigate interface and can give accurate reports and eliminating human errors. Operational Definition of Terms Access Code * A sequence of letters or numbers that has to be read in to the allowed somebody to access to something such a building or telephone notebook. Accession Number * Usually auto number, it is a number assigned by the chief librarian to individual books they have in the library. Barcode Reader * It is an input device used to capture and read information contained in a bar code. Cataloguing * Is the process of preparing a catalog, or of preparing bibliographic records that will become entries in a catalog. Circulation * It engages transaction related to the circulation of periodical, books etc. and book check in and checks out. Computer Network * It is an interconnection of group of computers. Context Diagram * It illustrates the input and output between the systems. Database * Is an application that manages data and allows past storage and retrieval of data Data flow diagram * A process-modeling tool that depicts the flow of data through a system and the work or processing performed by the specific system. Keyword Searching * Allows you to retrieve information in a database by looking for the word or combination of words. Keywords can be used in general or specific, such as title or$ subject Library Card * It serves as a pass to the use of the library and its resources Librarian * Is a person who assists and helps the users in using the library services and manages all the library resources. Library * place where all books, newspaper and other reading materials were placed and a place where students can effectively study and gather information they need. Library card  * A paper card that contains student’s information together with his/ her picture that serves as their pass to borrow a book in the library. Library System * Is a library that comprises of the interrelated, computerized parts such as catalog and circulates that works together to effectively serve the users. Manual System * Processing used amount of transaction without the use of computers Shelf * It is a piece of furniture used to store books and other material which is using in a research Student Number * It is a unique identification of each student in school. SWOT  * Is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strength and weaknesses are internal factor. Opportunities and threats are external factor. CHAPTER III SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY Requirements specification Software Design & coding Integration Testing Deployment Maintenance Figure Modified Waterfall Model The proponents chose to use the modified waterfall model for the development of the software because it is simple and easy to follow. Another reason is that modified waterfall model is suitable when the specification and requirements are clearly stated and static and the project is smaller in size. Since Library systems have the same requirement s as those of any other library systems, it is the ideal model to use. Modified waterfall model also has advantage to go back to previous stage if there are mistakes done in any phase. Requirements Specification One of the most important tasks in the development of is gathering and defining the requirements for the project. Software requirements specification means that researchers should have a basic understanding of what is going to be developed. The proponents conducted several interviews with the company to understand and identify the problems with their existing system and to specify what features they want the proposed system to have. The researchers also did studies about the related systems in order to know the real transactions and to have an idea on how to design the proposed system. Software design & coding Determines the system’s framework to meet the specified requirements. The design defines the major components and the interaction of those components, but the design does not define the structure of each component. The proponents will do major coding in this phase. The proponents will divide the system into subsystems so that coding will be done by small parts and will later be integrated as a whole system. Integration Is the bringing together of the component subsystems into one system and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system. It is also the process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally. The proponents in this phase will now connect together the subsystems into one system. Testing Determines whether the software meets the specified requirements and finds any errors present in the code before deploying it. The proponents will test wither the system is working properly as one system and to detect errors before presenting it to Aguilar Catholic School. Deployment This is the phase of the project where the developed software will be installed, documentation will be delivered, and client training will occur. In this phase, the proponents will now deploy the equipment and the software in the library. They will have to connect the workstation of librarian and LAN base public access catalogue by the use of cables. Maintenance After the project is deployed, unexpected events can happen. This is why the proponents will continue maintenance and support as part of the software development process. This support will become an evolving process and is essential in making sure that the software continues to perform as expected. Figure 4. System Framework of Proposed System Figure 4 shows the details of the system, all its input and outputs which will be part of the system processes. Figure 5. Context Diagram of Proposed System Figure 6. Diagram 0 of Proposed System Testing and Evaluation Procedure After developing the system, the next step is to test and evaluate its acceptability. This section discusses how testing and evaluation is done. Evaluation Instrument The following were criteria of the evaluation instrument which will serve as the basis of the acceptable level of the system. Numerical Rating| Range| Descriptive Equivalent| 5| 4. 51 – 5. 00| Highly Acceptable| 4| 3. 51 – 4. 50| Acceptable| 3| 2. 51 – 3. 50| Moderately Acceptable| 2| 1. 51 – 2. 50| Slightly Acceptable| 1| 1. 00 – 1. 50| Not Acceptable| Content It will test the accuracy of the proposed prototype as well as its up to date contents. Functionality It includes comprehensively the ease from worries or problems in operation, provision for comfort and convenience and easy to understand by the end – users. Reliability In compliance to desire result, accuracy of performance, the system should be able to give the desired result to the possible end-user of the system. Availability The system will be able to perform operations according to the specifications, provision for security requirements and having all the required by the system. Maintainability It includes the testability of the system, ease of being maintained, provision for diagnostic tools and procedure, and provision enhancement. Statistical Treatment of Data In this section the results gathered from testing and evaluation was being interpreted using appropriate statistical tools. The proponents will set a criterion that specifically address to the end users and technical experts. 1 means Not Acceptable; 2 means Slightly Acceptable; 3 is for Moderately Acceptable; 4 is for Acceptable; and 5 Highly Acceptable. The accomplished testing and evaluation forms will be collected for interpreting its result. To compute the mean, Mean (M) = F (x1 + x2 + xn) / n Where F = Frequency of number of time that the given number(x) was chosen by the respondents as rating for a given criterion x1 , x2 , xn = represent any of the numerical rating 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. To compute the weighted mean, WM = ? F (x1 + x2 + xn) / n Where ? F (x1 + x2 + xn) / n = represents the sum of all means (M) of each criteria. n = is the total number of criteria of evaluation.

US

US United States (US) and Iran initially has good relations in mid to end 19th century. However, sour relations emerged after the end of the Second World War when the Persian Gulf started exporting huge amounts of oil and the intrigues of the cold war started taking centre stage in international politics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Iran Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The good relationship between Iran and America was observed under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavis rule but it took a turn for the worse after the Iranian revolution of 1979 (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). Some observers attribute the poor relations to American arrogance but others note that such conflict was unavoidable because of the wave of Islamic revolution (directed against Western domination) sweeping across many Muslim states (Dow Jones Company, 2010, p. 3). One of the greatest hallmarks to Iran and US relations lies in the overthrow of Musdaqq in 1953 (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). Many observers are of the opinion that since the US gave a lot of support to the then leader, Muhammad Shah, and helped plan the 1953 coup (that brought Shah to power), many people supported anti-US/Western ideals which led to the 1979 Islamic revolution (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). The strong anti-US sentiments were largely harbored by many Iranians because it was widely believed that the US orchestrated the 1953 coup to overthrow Musdaqq in order to gain control of Iran’s oil wealth and establish a dictatorship government at the same time (Gasiorowski, 2004, p. 261). After the success of the coup and an establishment of Shah as the Iranian leader, the American government gave a lot of support to Shah’s government. In fact, during Shah’s first week in government, the US gave Iran more than $68million in emergency fund after which it followed by giving the oil rich nation more than $1.2 billion, the following decade (Gasiorowski , 2004, p. 273). US-Iran relations thereafter became very rosy until Iran started getting a lot of money from its oil revenues (within the 1960-1970 periods). This development slowly diluted US’s influence in Iran and consequently made Shah develop a bad reputation in the West. Nonetheless, the support US government had been giving Shah over the past years mounted a lot of criticisms on Shah as an independent leader. Unrest therefore grew in Iran over an upheaval of Western ideals in the nation. These sentiments later lead to the ousting of Shah in the 1979 Islamic revolution which also took the US by surprise. It is however interesting that six months prior to the revolution, the US had passed a verdict on Iran, saying that it was nowhere close to a revolution or prerevolutionary state (Gasiorowski, 2004). After the revolution, Ayatollah was established as Iran’s interim leader.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ayatollah was predominantly against Western ideals; further soiling relations between America and Iran. Subsequent events saw Iranians take Americans hostage for 444 days; a development that greatly angered the US and resulted in trade restrictions and embargoes on Iran (Beisner, 2003, p. 1222). This was to be later followed by warfare; like the failed coup to rescue the American hostages and the 1983 Hezbollah bombings carried out by the US on terrorism grounds (Beisner, 2003, p. 1222). In 1988, the US carried out more attacks on Iran because of the conflict on Iranian mines and also in the same year, the US shot down an Iranian commercial plane which killed more than 255 people including 66 children (Beeman, 2008, p. 132). Nonetheless, these attacks seized after Iranian reformers advocated for more negotiations with the US in solving the persistent wrangles between the two countries. In 2005, Iran got a new president, Mahmud, Ahmadinejad who to a great extent bases his policies on religious principles and anti liberal policies. US concerns on Iran’s nuclear programme has been top in the list, defining US -Iran relations because the US under the Bush government consistently accused Iran of enriching its Uranium deposits and insisted that Iran had to pay the consequences for such actions. This has been the biggest issue between Iran and America today. However, after the exit of George W. Bush and an entry of Obama into White house, the issues plaguing Iran and US relations have taken a milder form, considering Obama’s change in approach to Iran issues. However, this is not to be assumed that the pertinent issues affecting the two countries have disappeared. In fact, after Obama took office, Iran raised a number of concerns which it wanted the US to look into; starting from the 1953 coup, US’s support for Saddam Hussein to attack Iran and US’s shooting down of commercial air flight 655 (Beeman, 2008, p. 132). Collectively, many observers point out that the US has greatly shifted its policies towards Middle Eastern countries and the threat of a nuclear armed Iran has never created peace between the US and Iran. This study proposes that the threat of an oncoming war between the US and Iran is very real because there are a number of issues that still underlie the relationship between the two nations and they are still to be solved decades later. These issues include Iran’s exportation of terrorism and funding of terrorist activities, US’s accusations that Iran holds weapons of mass destruction, Iran’s threats to its neighbors in the Persian Gulf, Iran’s constant assertion that it wishes â€Å"death on America†, Iran’s persistent opposition towards a peaceful Arab-Israeli world, and Iran’s historical violation of human rights.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Iran Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These concerns characterize the Iran-US conflict and its magnitude is slowly weighing down on the two countries by the year. However, this nature of conflict can be explained through a number of theories which will be employed in this study to explain the threat of war between the two countries. The bottom line however remains that there is a high likelihood of war between Iran and the US in the near future. Realist Theory The realist theory has been used for a long time to define how nations relate. It majorly revolves around the concepts of state-centrism, survival and self help (Spegele, 1996, p. 1). State-centrism is based on the theory that states are often autonomous entities and their actions are centrally dictated without the influence of external parties. In this manner, the realist theory downplays the influence of non-state actors but upholds the influence of the state in defining international relations. The concept of survival notes that states are often motivated by selfish interests and would advance their own agendas without much consideration to other relevant factors. This concept also advances the fact that there is no central authority in international relations and states would often do whatever they wish without much control from external agents. The self help concept notes that a nation state should rely much on itself without expecting much assistance from another state. This means that many nations rely upon their resources and capabilities to advance their own interests without expecting much assistance from other states (Spegele, 1996, pp. 1-5). From the above analysis, we can deduce the fact that the realist theory to a significant degree outlines the sour relationship between the US and Iran. Also from the same framework of the realist theory, we can quantify the potential threat of war between the two nations. Most of the actions exhibited by the US expose how much state-centrism characterizes Iran -US politics. Much of US’s actions, starting with the Iran coup of 1953 to the support given to Saddam by the US in attacking Iran are all signs of an all-powerful state. The Influence of non-state actors and international institutions in this conflict is conspicuously absent because of the aggressive nature of the US in determining Iran politics for its own interests.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 1953 coup was a clear example of the state-centric approach exhibited by the US because the US acted as a billiard ball in influencing Iranian politics. In fact, the actions by the US to orchestrate the coup can be largely seen as a distinct action by the US because no other state or international institution had much to do with the coup. Also, the principle of survival can be observed from US’s interests in Iranian politics. Iran’s actions can also be viewed in the same manner because there is a deep-seated sense of anarchy governing the politics of Iran. The 1953 coup and the Islamic revolution of 1979 is evidence enough of a lack of central authority in Iranian politics. Coups for example often occur because of a lack of central authority where people can express their grievances and at the same time, it also shows a lack of maturity for democratic processes in any country. In advanced countries, the law and the constitution form the government, which later beco mes the central authority. In this case, the existing laws that should set up the government should be the central authority to be respected by all prospective leaders but apparently, this seemed to be what Iran was lacking. This observation prompted the coup and later, subsequent ousting of leaders from power followed. All these actions show a lack of central authority not only on the part of Iran but also on the part of the US. Actions by the US, for example, bombing the Iranian air flight and not apologizing for it, shows the extent to which states go to extreme levels to uphold their selfish interests. The selfish interest being protected in this case is the domination by the US on Iranian politics in order to control Iranian oil reserves. Additionally, Iran’s enrichment of Uranium and allegations of uranium enrichment with consequential effects on US security also reflect on the selfish interests of the states. From the analysis of the realist theory, we can therefore de duce the fact that states are usually very autonomous and operate within an anarchic international system of politics which is largely unregulated. The level of deregulation in international politics and indeed international relations advances the fact that Iran and US can certainly go into war because there are not many international bodies or third parties to stop them. The realist theory also suggests that the two states are likely to go to unprecedented levels (including war) to safeguard their own interests and address their security concerns (Spegele, 1996, p. 3). This therefore means that both Iran and the US can be potentially be very aggressive and war wouldn’t come as a surprise to many. Constructivism Constructivism, developed as a result of the failure of the realist and neo realist approaches to predict the end of the cold war. Nonetheless, the theory emphasizes a lot on social elements as a determinant of international politics (Kegley, 2008, p. 39). This idea c an be evaluated progressively because the theory bases its foundations on the development of ideas. These ideas later develop into international structures which states abide by, but the said structures are likely to lead to the development of state interests which later determine how states and non state actors relate to safeguard their own interests (Kegley, 2008, p. 39). Constructivism therefore derives its authority from the inclusion of social, cultural, persuasive and collective ideas in determining how states relate. This concept can be largely witnessed in the Iran- US relations. Obviously, Iran being an Islamic state, most of its actions and policies are largely dominated by Islamic principles. The anti-western sentiments (leading to the Islamic revolution of 1979) are also social elements which characterize Iran’s relations with the US. In fact, the Islamic revolution was largely dictated by social factors (religion) which the constructive theory relies on to predic t international relations. In this manner, we can deduce the fact that international relations between the US and Iran has to a significant degree been socially constructed. Social construction in Iran-US relations can be largely evidenced in a religious context, especially focusing on the actions of Iran’s leaders. Leaders who were perceived to be Western puppets such as Shah never got a huge following in Iran because of the different social beliefs that characterizes US and Iran. However those leaders who to a great extent resisted Western influence got a huge following in Iran because the people felt like the leaders advanced their own social beliefs. This scenario can be evidenced through Musddaqq and more recently, Ahmadinejad. These leaders have significantly represented strong Muslim beliefs which have determined their actions with regard to Iran’s policies with the US. To a significant degree, some of the most pressing issues between the US and Iran have not be en economic but social because of the apparent differences in religious principles. In fact, Iran’s leader Mahmud Ahmadinejad has been quoted in some sections of the press purporting that US’s arrogance is brought about by the country’s dominance over minority groups (Muslims) (Kegley, 2008, p. 39). These sentiments were also expressed with regards to US’s relations with other Arab nations. The approach taken by US in defining its relationship with Iran has also been largely dictated by Iran’s funding of terrorism activities. This is largely a serious security issue, brought about by the social construct of the US and Iran. Indeed, through the funding of terror groups such as Hezbollah, Iran is doing so with a common purpose of fighting for Muslim interests, especially with regards to the conflict in Lebanon. The US has therefore imposed restrictions and embargos on Iran due to such activities. More vivid is Iran’s stand on the Israel-Lebano n conflict. Iran is in support of Lebanon while the US has been largely assumed to support Israel. What is predominantly seen is the big religious divide that exists in these states. The US and Israel are Christian states while Iran and Lebanon are Muslim states. Therefore, the underlying premise behind the US and Iran relations have been partly attributed to the religious differences between the two nations. The difference between the constructive theory and the realist theory is that the constructive theory does not emphasize a lot on security issues like the realist theory does. Instead, a lot of weight is given to the social construct of the society and its influence on foreign policy. Proponents of the Constructive theory note that international conflicts based on constructive elements may have far reaching implications and may go on for long periods of time. In the same manner, such type of conflicts may trample over materialistic interests because state actions may go beyond rational thought (Kegley, 2008, p. 39). These factors withstanding, war is not an out of the ordinary occurrence between the two nations. Marxist Theory The Marxist theory purports that international relations are majorly driven by materialistic and economic factors. In this manner, states operate within a wider capitalistic system of operation where they are driven by economic interests above all other factors of concern (Chatterjee, 2010, p. 27). This ideology also necessitates the development of class structures, not only in the society but within international relations as well. Coming back to the Iran-US relations, it is evidently clear that the bad relations started because of a pursuance of US economic interests in Iran. More notable is the 1953 coup that installed Shah as the Iranian leader. Shah rose to power with the help of the US because the US found it easy to relate with Iran if it had a pro-western leader. Also, the US’s stand on Iran has been largely motivated by its overall Middle East agenda. In other words, the US has a lot of interest on oil exports from the Persian Gulf and the increased dominance of Iran in the region (which adopts an anti Western stand) has the potential of destabilizing the economic balance in Middle East which the US is benefiting from (Chatterjee, 2010, p. 28). It is therefore important that in the interest of the US, Iran has a Western friendly leader. Such are the intrigues that characterize US’s relations with the Iran. However, subsequent leaders (after the Islamic revolution) saw Iran adopt an anti Western policy on many of its foreign relations. These leaders (like Mahmud) have further soiled relations between the US and Iran because they didn’t/don’t agree with the US’s policies in the Middle East. Nonetheless, these intrigues characterize the Marxist theory because US is largely seen as having adopted an economic agenda which is characteristic of capital accumulation. Of impo rtance is the subcategory of the Marxist theory advancing the fact that globalized capitalistic systems have facilitated the dominance of wealthy nations over poor, third world countries. In this case, the dominant wealthy nation is the US while Iran is the third world state under exploitation. The level of economic interests in play between US and Iran is therefore alarmingly high and when analyzed according to the Marxist theory, the economic interests at stake may lead to a fully blown out war (Chatterjee, 2010, p. 27). This conclusion is drawn from the firm belief by Marxists that economic interests have the potential of transcending all other elements of concern. It is therefore important to note that as much as the relation between the US and Iran is characterized by other issues such as security, if the US continues to lose on its economic agenda in Iran, it may resort to protect it through military means. Conclusion The probability of an emergence of war between Iran and the US is high because of the nature of the conflict between the two nations. Underlying premises to the war can be best analyzed through the realist, constructive and Marxist theories. The realist theory analyzes the concepts of self-help, state-centrism, and survival which are evidently seen in the Iran-US analysis, especially due to the lack of influence from non state actors in the conflict. As a result, the US can take extreme measures in advancing its agenda in Iran and this may include the probability of war. Also, because the conflict between America and Iran is characterized by religious and social differentials, the constructive theory outlines that these factors will characterize future relationships between the two countries to a great extent. Under the constructive theory, such kind of conflict can take a very long time to end and social influences may override economic interests. The probability of a war breaking out, especially from the Iranian part (which is more religi ously socialized) is very high. Lastly, the Marxist theory advances the fact that since the US has considerable economic interests in the Persian Gulf; it may go to unprecedented levels to protect it. This obviously includes war. Considering there is no let up between the two parties, the US and Iran can surely go to war if provocation is felt from the Iranian side. This is in accordance to the Marxist theory, purporting that economic interests may transcend all other interests. The nature of international relations between Iran and the US therefore still remains very volatile. References Beeman, W. O. (2008). The Great Satan Vs. The Mad Mullahs: How the United States And Iran Demonize Each Other. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Beisner, R. (2003). American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature, Volume 1. New York: Abc-Clio. Chatterjee, A. (2010). International Relations Today. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Dow Jones Company. (2010). QA with Irans Depu ty Foreign Minister for Americas Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123861706862379499 Gasiorowski, M. J. (2004). Writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran. London: Syracuse University Press. Kegley, C, W. (2008). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. London: Cengage Learning. Lesch, D. W. (2003). The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment. New York: Routledge. Spegele, R. (1996). Political Realism in International Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution - Freedom from Cruel and Research Paper

Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution - Freedom from Cruel and unusual Punishment - Research Paper Example The cruel and usual punishment case laws and statutes have helped to define our current application of the law with respect to the 8th amendment. George Cole (2006) emphasized cruel and unusual punishment includes death penalty, torture, inhuman and degrading punishment, and excessive fines and excessive deprivations. Such punishment is unpopular because it unnecessarily imposes excessive torment or embarrassment on the convicted criminals. Historically, the law makers of the English Bill of rights if 1689 coined the words cruel and usual punishment in its crafting of the English version of the bill of rights. William Schabas (2008) states the United Nations General Assembly included in its international bill of rights the phrase â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumn or degrading treatment or punishment† in Article 5 of its Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Following suit, the United States included the same provisions in it 1787 Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 2008, Greg Roza (2011) reiterated the United States Supreme Court ruled that cruel and usual punishment wa s meted by American soldiers when they use waterboarding to torture the Guantanamo Bay prisoners. Likewise, the American soldiers mistreated and forced the prisoners to participate in humiliating activities. According to the Eight Amendment, the law preventing the implementation of cruel and unusual punishment was enforced to eliminate prior methods of punishments classified as cruel and unusual. For example, impalement was form of cruel and unusual punishment becauese the punishers should pierce the person’s body with a long killing tool. Here, the person would suffer a painful and slow death. This type of European and Asian punishment was popular during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Other forms of cruel and unusual punishment included drawing and quartering, embowelling alive, public dissecting, beheading, and burning alive [Wilkerson V. Utah, 99 U.S. 130, 135 (1878)]. The courts allowed electrocution to be excempt from the list of cruel and unusual punishment [In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890)]. Complaints about cruel and unusual punishment had been voiced in 1789. Back then, the bill rights proponents included the fight to eliminate cruel and unusual punishment. This is fou nd in the Annals of Congress 754 (1789). English history laid the path to the inclusion of the â€Å"cruel and unsual punishment† clause in its 1689 bill of rights. This is shown in E.g., 2 J. Elliot, The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution 111 (2d ed 1836); 3 id.at 447 -52 (Ref: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment08/03.html#1). Likewise, the Supreme Court rulings include Granucci, â€Å"Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishments Inflicted†: The Original Meaning, 57 Calif. L. Rev. 839 (1969). The term without proportionality had been used by the Court in the case Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910). Greg Roensch (Roensch, 2007) agrees it is vague that the ``unusual'' can be included under the term cruelty Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 276 n.20 (1972) ( with Justice Brennan seeing eye to eye)], even though it may be significant in Weems, 217 U.S. at 377, and in Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100 n. 32 (1958) (plurality opinion), and it was significant in the case of Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 994-95 (1991) (``severe, mandatory

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Social Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Capital - Essay Example Parents have been known to use their wealth to gain social capital for their children over the years through various ways such as donating large amounts of funds to the school that their children attend among others. The question remains however whether this is right or wrong and should be acceptable within the society. The answer to this can be derived from looking at the pros and cons of this subject. There are a number of arguments that can be used to defend this act. One of them is the fact that by attaining this social capital for their children, the parents are ensuring a better future for them as they are guaranteed help with the trials they may face in the future (Putnam, 2006). Ensuring a better future for one’s offspring can be considered to be the right of every parent and is expected off them. Another pro is that the social capital gained by these children technically does not hurt anyone although it may give them an advantage over others in certain situations, it is not against the law to cultivate relationships that will be beneficial to an individual (McNamee & Miller, 2009). As there are two sides to every coin, there are also cons in assisting one’s child in gaining social capital. The main con can be considered to be the fact that by doing this, the child will not learn essential values such as the importance of independence and the virtue of hard work as they will not have to struggle for the things that they want (Doob, 2013). This can be considered to be a sort of negative education on the part of the parent as it does not help in building up a child’s character. Another con is found in the fact that by teaching a child that what they want can be achieved by money, they risk instilling a devious/delinquent attitude within the child as they are aware that the social capital gained will get them out of trouble (Brown & Iyengar, 2008). For example, a child

Does the General Sales Tax Impact the Personal Consumption Expenditure Research Paper

Does the General Sales Tax Impact the Personal Consumption Expenditure - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to study the relationship between sales tax and individual consumer expenditure and saving. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1.0. Introduction 1Sales tax is part of consumption tax, tax on imposed on spending on goods or services in various states. Sales tax is usually imposed to buyers during the purchasing of goods or services. The sellers are the one who collect the tax. Tax rates vary from one state to another. In United States, the sales tax has been increasing drastically since 1997 and this has led to rise of prices of both services and commodities. The people who are affected indirectly by sales tax are the buyers. Their expenses rise per month forcing them to draw narrow budgets. This is the same in the whole world and the economies of many nations are going down. What it exported or imported is also highly taxed. Sales tax is different from value added tax because it is only imposed once at the retail level. Different states in United States have diffe rent tax rates. There are some jurisdictions in these states that determine the tax rates to be imposed on various goods and services. Goods for manufacture or resale are usually exempted from sales tax. Some other jurisdictions also exempt sales tax on foods sold in grocery shops, agricultural supplies and prescription medications. Sales tax greatly affects the spending of consumers, changes their consumption behavior and marketplace at the household level. 2.0. Literature Review There are many researches that have been done to show how the increase in sales tax affects personal consumption expenditure. Most of the results got from these researches have showed negative impacts on personal consumption expenditure. As Kevin 2001 puts it, this has been the case in the 2United States of America and the rest of the world. In a case study conducted in California in 2007, it was revealed that the best sales tax rate was 7.25%. This was a rapid increase from 6.6% in 2004 while in 1990s it was less than five percent. Most of this was taxed because of transport expenditures that were incurred during transportation of the goods or services. The estimation for the next year after 2007 was 7.75% tax rate and this was observed to be the trend to be followed unless the economy in the whole world is restructured since the people in California must rely on imported and exported goods and services. In this case study, the main objective shall be to show the effects of increased sales tax on the well-being of people in California. The methods that shall be used shall help to come up with resourceful data that shall be analyzed in depth. From the analysis, it shall be clear on the real effects that are caused by increased sales tax. Increase in tax rate has been there in California just as it is with other states in America. Some of the effects may be positive; however, many of them are negative. To the unemployed the situation is worse thus, there must be proposals to look into the issue deeper before it goes beyond recognition. From another research done in the same state to identify the much that is used for consumption by individual persons, according to Kanbur and Spence, it was found out that 65% of the spending per individual was on consumption. It was not, however, constant as it varied with genders and age. There were many reasons that were given for the high spending in consumption and the main one was increased sales ta

Marketing Strategies For Hopsitality And Tourism Industry

Marketing Strategies For Hopsitality And Tourism Industry The hospitality and tourism industry is one of the worlds prevalent industries and also the most fragmented with large number of small business. The contribution of hospitality and tourism industry to GDP can be measured in the terms of the revenue generated by tourists (Bardgett 2000). The industry promotes international understanding and gives support to local handicrafts and cultural activities. It is a very important section of a nations economy, particularly in terms of its involvement in the direction of earnings through foreign exchange, production of extra wages and creation of job opportunities. The high flood of foreign tourist traffic has increased demand for certain economic production and distribution activities. The hospitality and tourism industry in todays date is one of the most diverse, exciting, challenging and important industries in any part of the world. It offers career opportunities that are dynamic in nature. A very essential quality in this industry is to possess a driving interest towards ones customer service and a strong sense of professionalism. And not just that what one also needs to know is that, what tourism is, keeping in mind the economic, environmental, social and cultural impacts on it. One needs to know its relationship with other industries, the roles and responsibilities that the organization carries as a whole and as well as of individual staffs. 1.1 Marketing of tourism and hospitality industry Marketing is a delicate combination of art and science (Mahoney, 2005). It is described by Kotle as a management procedure accountable for recognizing, expecting and pleasing client necessities gainfully. An enormous variety of misconceptions are rampant about marketing, the most widespread is its misunderstanding next to selling and advertising. If one looks closely these are nothing more, but types of endorsement or promotion and hence being only a part of marketing. Marketing includes of much more, such as product/service development, place, pricing etc. It requires information about those attracted in what you are offering, such as their likes, where they buy and their limits of expenditure. 1.2 SWOT/ TOWS Analysis Another important aspect that follows strategic formulation is the evaluation of the adopted measures and one of the best ways to do so is by using both SWOT followed by the TOWS analysis. TOWS Analysis is a modified form of SWOT which is used as a standard business analytical tool. The alphabets in both TOWS and SWOT are representation of the words Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The analysis of the external environment (threats and opportunities), and internal environment (weaknesses and strengths),can help one realise beneficial techniques that can be made use of by the entire organization, a department or a team. Apart from this, SWOT/TOWS analysis can also be used to come up with a course of action, a marketing campaign, or even evaluate ones skills and experiences. (Warnell, 1995) Identifying Strategic Options: As mentioned earlier SWOT or TOWS analysis helps to draw a better judgement of the strategic choices that are present and since strategy is the art of determining how one can win in business; it is a very important step in the evaluation of any organization or industry. This process of evaluation helps us find answers to questions that further help us explore our strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strategic Discussion Through the use of marketing strategy an organization can concentrate its limited resources in the best manner possible so as to increase the profits and be at an advantage as compared to the other organizations. The main goal behind every marketing strategy should be customer satisfaction. The selected marketing strategies are dependent on a variety of components, such as quality, innovation, brand building, marketing expansion, focus, product development, social responsibility, etc. On similar grounds if we talk about Ryanair we can very well see that how the airline completely stands out as a special business from the point of view of the corporate culture it follows. Despite of being an airline it earns through the sale of complimentary products and services that it offers it customers on and off the plane. The company is well liked by its customers for its low cost and admired by its employees for the high salary it gives them. So hence alongside pleasing its customers which is very essential for any business it is also focusing on keeping its staff happy, content and loyal which is an equally important strategy very well thought of. Apart from that the airline makes use of secondary airports rather than primary ones which in turn helps in reducing the expenditure costs leading to higher benefit or profit margins. And hence it can be seen that the chosen organization is doing very well as far as selection and implementation of its marketing strategies is concerned. This comment can be substantiated by the results of PEST analysis and SWOT/TOWS analysis. PEST analysis of Ryanair SWOT /TOWS ANALYSIS FOR RYAN AIR Strengths Weaknesses Low airport charges High service performance A uniform fleet: low maintenance cost Poor customer service Long distance between airports and destinations. Poor relationship with staffs Opportunities Threats Credit crunch: People switch to low cost airlines More countries joining Schengen States Depreciation of US dollars: planes are now cheaper Customers are price sensitive Increase in oil prices Other airlines are reducing costs Increase in air traffic control charges Growth of other substitutes TOWS MATRIX (Weihrich 1982) Internal Elements Organisational strengths Organisational weaknesses Strategic options Strategic options External Elements Environmental opportunities (and risks) SO S2 + O2 Routes expansion S3 + O3 Order new planes WO W3 + O1 Jobs security for staffs Environmental threats ST S1 + T1 Continue to cut fares S2 + T3, T5 Increase frequency of popular routes WT W1, W3 + T3 Focus on staff training W2 + T5 Reduce cost of airport transfers From both of the above shown methods of evaluations it can be seen that credit crunch which generally considered as a big threat is grabbed as a seemingly big opportunity by Ryanair, for it attracts its customers by the focus it keeps on the reduced cost price. And this as can be seen is used by Ryanair as a mean to earn profit. The SWOT table above gives us a brief yet a very indepth summary of not just the internal but also the external analysis of the airlines with highlights of the firms strengths and weaknesses so as opportunities and threats. Based on SWOT, a number of strategic options can be suggested to Ryanair in the form of a TOWS matrix, such as route expansion, ordering new planes and hence increasing frequency of popular routes, focusing on the staff training, which in turn will act towards attracting more customers, offering its staff job security, it can go on further in reducing its prices(which has so far really worked wonder for the airlines). Hence through our evaluations we can see that no doubt Ryanair seems to be doing wondrous work as far as marketing strategies are concerned but there are still a lot many more ways in which it can increase the overall turnover even more, such is the wonder of using apt and multiple marketing strategies. 3.0 Implementation of a strategy using tactics The concept of the marketing is based on the premise that the firms should determine consumer wants and needs before designing products and services. Hospitality and tourism industry brings together the latest developments in the global operations using contemporary management principles (Borden, 2001). 3.1 Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy, ought to be viewed as a cover up of support planned to be a magnet as well as provide the customer or visitor (Naik, 2003). There are various types of strategies that come into play such as competitive strategy, market and resource based strategy, quality and innovation, growth strategies. It is now necessary that one of these have to be used at a time but generally combinations of these are used to achieve optimum results. 3.1.1 External Mix It consists of the 7Ps as well as the external environment. The marketing mix can be controlled by the firm whereas the external environment cannot be. Every industry tries to develop marketing strategies utilizing marketing mix that will establish sustainable competitive advantages leading to long term growth and profitability (Brian, 2003; Zeithaml, Bitner, Gremler, 2003). Product: The product of the marketing mix includes the tangible goods and all of the services that accompany that good to produce the final service or product. More than products it is the various services that make the industry stand ahead of others. Talking about Ryanair, it is doing seemingly well as far as the product aspect is concerned, for its air service and hospitality are no doubt loved by the customers due to the low cost price and well trained and well paid staff. Price: price is the value placed on the service or a product. The tourism and hospitality sector should establish their pricing based on the companies objectives and the target market. One cannot have high fee structures for low-fare airlines. Secondly it is very important to base the prices on the complete cost of production, delivering, promoting as well as managing the services provided. Price doesnt comprise of only the tangible benefits but also the intangible benefits like satisfaction. Ryanair seems to be doing really well as far as the price of its service is concerned for its customer no doubt love the airlines for it low air fare prices. Place: This aspect of the strategy includes the distribution and logistics of producing a product or service and making it available to the final customer. The location of the hotels, restaurants, etc is determined by considering the cost of the resources such as labor, raw material and real estate. In addition it is important to have access to proper transportation. So therefore the first and the most important element to be considered is the location of the hotel or the restaurant. Places away from the central city must be avoided as they would not attract tourists who would want to explore the main city/ town area. The place aspect here could not be incorporated as this is an airline that we are talking about, but still we can for sure bring to light the cost expenditure that the airline is saving by the use of secondary airports rather than the use of the main or primary ones. Promotion: It provides customers with precise and apt information to assist them decide whether to visit. It represents the various aspects of marketing communication, that is, the communication the information about the product with the goal to generate a positive customer response. The information provided by the company should be of significance and sensible use to the likely or existing guest and also precise because only satisfied customer would want to come again and use the same services. People: This is the fifth P of the marketing mix. It is essential that one should have a good, educated and friendly employees. For an organization to have a winning edge over others it is very essential that it recruits the right staff and trains them appropriately for the delivery of the services. Based on the interactions with employs the consumers make opinions and deliver perceptions of the service that was provided to them. Hence it is of utmost importance that the staff should have apt interpersonal skills, attitude, and service knowledge to provide the best service to the consumers who are paying for it. Thus it makes it imperative to have a highly qualified staff to add that extra special touch to the services so that customers who comes once, comes always. This, the airline has no doubt very skillfully taken care of by training it staff very well apart from paying it well too. Process: It constitutes of the schemes used to aid the organization in the process of service deliverance. Timely and excellent quality services are not the only ingredient but the process behind the making of these services is also of importance. Both hospitality and tourism industry have behind the scenes services like kitchens, water boilers, air handling units, maintenance departments, etc. This should be ensured that a customer never come to know about the smooth or ruff running of the process. Same and equivalent services should be provided at all times. These the airline could think of improving on as far as the benefits and services offered by the airlines to its consumers both on and off the flight. Physical Evidence: this again is a component which gives the consumers the opportunity to make judgments about the organization. This no doubt is an essential component of the service mix as based on the sight of the service that is being provided a perceptual impact is made on the consumers about the organization and the service being provided. The organizations that claim to be energy efficient should show it to their customer the process they followed to make their building and services environment friendly. When a customer knows the process behind the delivered service they feel more at ease. For example: if a hotel does vermin-composting to make all biodegradable waste into manure, they should take the guest and children on a eco-walk and show them the pit. This will not only make a good name for the organization but also teach people how to conserve environment (Borden, 2001). This as has been mentioned before too a number of times the airlines has focused on very well by its low cost air tickets and its well trained and well paid staff, skilled staff. 3.2 Interactive Marketing Technology has necessarily altered how companies and their customers communicate, not just online but across other medium (Novak Hoffman, 1997). Consequently interactive thinking needs to be at the heart of all marketing strategy and interactive channels at the heart of all marketing delivery. A company that has developed an easy to use web site with content and appropriate services to its audience is only part-way to achieving successful Internet marketing outcomes (Agrawal, Arjona Lemmens, 2001) This concept focuses on the ever changing trends in the field of marketing . The definition that had been given by John Deighton at Harvard, talks about interactive marketing being an ability which facilitates the organization in having one on one interaction with its customers on a continuous basis. The concept is in no way synonymous with the concept of online marketing, although there is debate that internet technology facilitates the process of interactive marketing to a great extent. The organization can with ease keep a record of all the data related to its customers, can have access to its numerous clients and consumers at the click of a mouse and can interact with them on a day to day continuous basis using the speed of the internet. 3.2.1 Objectives for Interactive Marketing Communications An interactive marketing communications plan usually has three main goals: (1) Use online and offline connections to steer or draw guests passage to a web site. This method is commonly referred to as traffic building. (2) To use on-site communications to bring an effectual point to the guest which helps form customer behaviour or achieve a required marketing outcome. The message delivered on site will be based on traditional marketing communications objectives for a companys products or services. (3) To mix all communications methods to assist attain marketing objectives by supporting mixed-mode buying. (Novak Hoffman, 1997). Ryanair has made use of this strategy by making available to its customers the facility of online booking system, which is not only of convenience to its customers but also greatly reduces the extra cost price as compared to telephone booking. Though it could still go beyond online booking and explore much more options such as customer feedback, special offers, blog site etc on its website by making use of this strategy. 4.0 Conclusion Customer satisfaction in hospitality and tourism industry is very much prejudiced by the way in which the service is delivered. It is a very important fraction of hospitality and tourism management and can be done successfully and well, with classiness and skill, if one keeps in mind the important essentials of marketing. ,This the airline seems to have taken care of in the most skilled manner possible by making use of the various above mentioned strategies. Apart from that what also is important is the evaluation of the marketing efforts. A framework for evaluation could help in shaping which essentials are most important to evaluate. It is hardly ever probable or cost efficient to assess all elements. After this it is very important to compare results with ones objectives and to in the end determine the needed changes in the strategic plan. This in a great way contributes towards improving the efficiency of the strategies that are being used by recognizing the present dissimilarities between real outcomes and anticipated performance. All this in turn will surely help determine the most probable and expected causes for the triumph or crash to achieve the set goals and objectives.